Compressor System

Kane S, Squier J, Rudd J V and Mourou G 1994 Hybrid grating-prism stretcher-compressor system with cubic phase and wavelength tunability and decreased alignment sensitivity Opt. Lett. 19 1876-8... 

Compressor systems for respirators should be completely separate from other uses. Air compressors that are designed to produce breathing-quahty air are required. In smaller systems, it may be preferable to use botded air rather than a compressor. The contents of bottles, however, should be analy2ed to ascertain that they do contain air and to assure that the concentrations of any contaminants are acceptably low. 

Hence, the second-law efficiency of the expander-heat-exchanger-compressor system is p p... 

A relationship that is useful in compressor and compressor systems i> the speed of sound of the gas at the flowing conditions. The actntMK velocity, a, can be calculated using the following equation ... 

The interpretation of the results and the quality of the design from the pulsation study, whether performed on the analog simulator or with digital computer simulation, depends quite heavily on the experience and skill of the analyst performing the study, A purchaser of a compressor system who may be a novice at this type of analysis should give serious consideration to using the services of a competent consultant. 

Pump casings should be made of steel if possible, which, on the smaller compressor systems, will not be practical. Most petrochemical plants live in the fear of fire, and the use of cast iron casings in a hydrocarbon plant is not a good idea. 

A superheat exchanger is not needed for a centrifugal compressor system as far as gas condition is concerned. It may be a good unit as fer as other aspects of the process are involved. The centrifugal compressor requires only a suction knock-out drum to remove entrained liquid and foreign particles. 

In practice, the only positive way to evaluate performance of a unit is to install it in the compressor system and observe its operation relative to noticeable system vibration, compressor performance, and measured frequency information. More recent (circa 1996) developments have continued to use the earlier analog techniques,and digital computer programs now allow an evaluation of the system prior to fab-... 

Compressed air systems should be checked frequently for air leakage, as the loss of air is frequently unnoticed due to the noise of escaping air being masked by other production noises. Modem air compressor systems composed of multi-compressors produce much heat, and it is now possible to recover this for space heating purposes. 

Experience indicates that careful selection of base oils and anti-oxidation additives considerably reduce such deposits. Nevertheless, the use of top-class oil is no guarantee against trouble if maintenance is neglected. For complete safety, both the oil and the compressor system must enjoy high standards of care. 

The major process parameters at selected periods in the four experiments are listed in Tables II, IV, VII, and VIII. Carbon recoveries ranged from 63 to 91%. Most of the losses occurred in connection with the recycle compressor system, and they decreased correspondingly the volume of product gas metered. Such losses, however, did not affect significantly the incoming gas to the main reactor or reactor performance. 

Haseley [2.4] differentiates between two categories of refrigerants The first group can be exchanged in compressor systems without changing the compressor itself, but changing the injection valves. The second group with no Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). 

Continuous variables can assume any value within an interval discrete variables can take only distinct values. An example of a discrete variable is one that assumes integer values only. Often in chemical engineering discrete variables and continuous variables occur simultaneously in a problem. If you wish to optimize a compressor system, for example, you must select the number of compressor stages (an integer) in addition to the suction and production pressure of each stage (positive continuous variables). Optimization problems without discrete variables are far easier to solve than those with even one discrete variable. Refer to Chapter 9 for more information about the effect of discrete variables in optimization. 

Compressors should preferably be located outdoors or, alternatively, in buildings of totally noncombustible construction with adequate ventilation. Concrete or concrete-on-protected-steel should be used for a compressor system supporting structure. Exposed steel construction is acceptable if protected by water spray or deluge system. 

The hazards specific to the handling of a flammable gas in a compressor system are internal and external explosions and jet fires caused by ignition of gas escaping from a leak or break ... 

Liz and I recently had a project to expand the wet-gas compressor capacity of a centrifugal machine in Pasadena, Texas. We ran a pressure survey on the compressor system, as summarized in Fig. 30.2. 

Sometimes equipment that is rented or purchased as a packaged unit allows out-of-spec components to enter a chemical plant. Air compressor systems, refrigeration units, and boiler systems are prime examples of units that, if improperly specified, may allow out-of-spec elements into a refinery or chemical plant. 

In the Badger/Niro crystallization unit, the xylenes are fed to a single-stage crystallization section that uses continuous suspension crystallization. In this section, the paraxylene is purified with a single refrigerant compressor system, and the mother liquor rejected. The purified paraxylene is fed to a Niro wash column section where ultra-high-purity paraxylene is produced by countercurrent crystal washing. 

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