Compressibility curves, generalized

Stress-strain curves developed during tensile, flexural and compression tests may be quite different from each other. The moduli determined in compression are generally higher than those determined in tension. Flaws and sub-microscopic cracks significantly influence the tensile properties of brittle polymeric materials. However, they do not play such an important role in compression tests as the stresses tend to close the cracks rather than open them. Thus, while tension tests are more characteristic of the defects in the material, compression tests are characteristic of the polymeric material as it is. The ratio of compressive strength to tensile strength in the case of polymers is in the range 1.5 to 4.0 [Dukes, 1966]. 

Stress-strain curves developed during tensile, flexural, and compression tests may be quite different from each other. The moduli determined in compression are generally higher than those determined in tension. Haws and submicroscopic cracks significantly influence the tensile properties of brittle polymeric materials. 

Similarly, based on density and sound velocity measurements, Parke and Birch [88] reported apparent specific volume and apparent specific isenttopic compressibility curves for the ethanol/water mixture. They observed a shallow minimum in the apparent specific isentropic compressibility curves at Xi 0.05 and an increase afterwards, which generally conforms to the situation presented in Figure 6.5. 

Mechanical properties of plastics can be determined by short, single-point quaUty control tests and longer, generally multipoint or multiple condition procedures that relate to fundamental polymer properties. Single-point tests iaclude tensile, compressive, flexural, shear, and impact properties of plastics creep, heat aging, creep mpture, and environmental stress-crackiag tests usually result ia multipoint curves or tables for comparison of the original response to post-exposure response. 

Constitutive relation An equation that relates the initial state to the final state of a material undergoing shock compression. This equation is a property of the material and distinguishes one material from another. In general it can be rate-dependent. It is combined with the jump conditions to yield the Hugoniot curve which is also material-dependent. The equation of state of a material is a constitutive equation for which the initial and final states are in thermodynamic equilibrium, and there are no rate-dependent variables. 

Creep tests require careful temperature control. Typically, a specimen is loaded in tension or compression, usually at constant load, inside a furnace which is maintained at a constant temperature, T. The extension is measured as a function of time. Figure 17.4 shows a typical set of results from such a test. Metals, polymers and ceramics all show creep curves of this general shape. 

For convenience so far we have referred generally to creep curves in the above examples. It has been assumed that one will be using the conect curves for the particular loading configuration. In practice, creep curves obtained under tensile and flexural loading conditions are quite widely available. Obviously it is important to use the creep curves which are appropriate to the particular loading situation. Occasionally it is possible to obtain creep curves for compressive or shear loading but these are less common. 

Each compressor unit and condition has its own specific horsepower point or requirement for operation. However, the general characteristic shape will he about the same, and for a reasonable range of conditions, the general shape and effect of varying a particular condition can be relatively established even for gases of other k values. Of course, the curves can be recalculated and drawn for the particular gas under consideration. The peaks will be in about the same ratio. Note that Figures 12-26 and 12-27 were established using a bhp/MMCFD correction factor at a mean pressure of 200 psia for the lower compression ratios where this correction is required. ... 

It is worth to be noted that (1 /a)h (rja) is the result of the dilation of h (r) by the factor a in which the area under the curve is conserved. The result in reciprocal space is a compressed function H. This property of the Fourier transform is the generalization of Bragg s law. 

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