Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Enrichment of trace compounds from mterfer-rng complex mixtmes Identification of odour-active undecaenes in fruits and vegetables [15, 16] 

Selective transfer of compounds of interest into a second column Enantioresolution of lactones for authenticity control of fruit products [20-24] 

Preparative-scale enrichment Isolation of terpenes from essential oils [13, 29] 

Each fragment is focussed and pulsed to column 2 for fast analysis. Because modulation is a mass-conservative process, the peak height increases to accommodate the reduction in peak width thus, greater analytical sensitivity is obtained. Provided that column 2 can resolve the substances focussed by the 

The practicability and potential of comprehensive GCxGC coupled to TOFMS (GCxGC-TOFMS) for the analysis of complex mixtures is illustrated in the following application [37]. 

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G. S. Frysinger, R. B. Gaines and E. B. Ledford-Jr, Quantitative determination of BTEX and total aromatic compounds in gasoline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC X GC) , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 22 195-200 (1999). 

J. B. Phillips and J. Beens, Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography a hyphenated method with strong coupling between the two dimensions , J. Chromatogr. 856 331-347 (1999). 

Although comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography has not been applied to any great extent in forensic analysis, the technique shows great promise when samples or sample matrices are complex. For example, when oil is spilled into waterways, assigning responsibility for the economic and environmental damage is often difficult. Gaines et al. employed comprehensive two-dimensional GC in the forensic analysis of samples collected at oil-spill sites and were able to obtain results which were comparable to those obtained by classical methods (39). This article also... 

Figure 15.13 Comprehensive two-dimensional GC chromatogram of a supercritical fluid exti act of spiked human semm. Peak identification is as follows 1, dicamha 2, tiifluralin 3, dicliloran 4, phorate 5, pentachlorophenol 6, atrazine 7, fonofos 8, diazinon 9, cWorothalonil 10, terhufos 11, alachlor 12, matalaxyl 13, malathion 14, metalochlor 15, DCPA 16, captan 17, folpet 18, heptadecanoic acid. Adapted imm Analytical Chemistry, 66, Z. Liu et al., Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the fast separation and determination of pesticides exuacted from human senim , pp. 3086-3092, copyright 1994, with pemiission from the American Chemical Society.

Sinha, A.E., Hope, J.L., Prazen, B.J., Fraga, C.G., Nilsson, E.J., Synovec, R.E. (2004a). Multivariate selectivity as a metric for evaluating comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-fhght mass spectrometry subjected to chemometric peak deconvolution. J. Chromatogr. A 1056, 145-154. 

Davis, J.M. (2004). Assessment by Monte Carlo simulation of thermodynamic correlation of retention times in dual-column temperature programmed comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 27, 417. 

Venkatramani, C.J., Xu, J., Phillips, J.B. (1996). Separation orthogonality in temperature-programmed comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 68, 1486. 

Bordajandi, L.R., Korytar, P., De Boer, J., Gonzalez, M.J. (2005). Enantiomeric separation of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls on P-cyclodextrin capillary columns by means of heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applications to food samples. J. Sep. Sci. 28, 163-171. 

Focant JF, Reiner E, MacPerson K, Kolic T, Sjodin A, Patterson DG, Reese SL, Dorman FL, Cochran J Measurement of PCDDs, PCDFs, and non-ortho-PCBs by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-isotope dilution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x CG-IDTOFMS). Talanta 63,1231-1240, 2004. 

Dalliige J, Beens J, Brinkman UAT. 2003. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography a powerful and versatile tool. J Chromatogr A 1000 69. 

Shellie R, Marriott P, Cornwell C, Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC GC) to the enantioselective analysis of essential oils, J Sep Sci 24 823-830, 2001. 

Fig. 15.5 Illustration of how two overlapping peaks S and ip emerging from the first colmnn (a) are resolved in GCxGC after passage to the second column (b) [31]. Reprinted from Marriott, R, Shellie, R., Principles and applications of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Trends Anal. Chem. (2002), 21 573-583 with permission from Elsevier...

Table 15 J Selected applications of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography...

Liu, Z., Phillips, B. (1991) Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using an on-colmnn thermal modulator interface. ]. Chromatogr. Sci. 29 227-231. 

Marriott, R, Shellie, R. (2002) Principles and applications of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Trends Ana Chem. 21 573-583. 

Beens, Brinkman, U.A.T. (2005) Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-powerful and versatile technique. Analyst 130 123-127. 

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