Compounds in biosynthesis

Acetic acid is found in living systems as its coenzyme A ester(J.7). This is a reactive thioester and is a pivotal compound in biosynthesis. On the one hand, it is involved in the formation of the important long-chain fatty acids and their transformation products (Section 1.1.2). On the other hand, 3.1) is the source of small fragments... 

H-I-benzopyrans in, 3, 665 biosynthesis, 3, 877 Mass spectrometry in biosynthesis methodology, 1, 86 heterocyclic compounds reviews, 1, 77... 

The special topics discussed are (i) the biological aspects of heterocyclic compounds, i.e. their biosynthesis, toxicity, metabolism, role in biochemical pathways, and their uses as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and veterinary products (ii) the use of heterocyclic compounds in polymers, dyestuffs and pigments, photographic chemicals, semiconductors and additives of various kinds and (iii) the use of heterocyclic compounds as intermediates in the synthesis of non-heterocyclic compounds. 

Mavrodi, D.V, BlankenfeldfW., and Thomashow, L.S., Phenazine compounds in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.L biosynthesis and regulation, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 44, 417, 2006. 

After identification of A9-THC as the major active compound in Cannabis and its structural elucidation by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964 [66], a lot of work was invested in chemical synthesis of this substance. Analogous to the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, the central step in most of the A9-THC syntheses routes is the reaction of a terpene with a resorcin derivate (e.g., olivetol). Many different compounds were employed as terpenoid compounds, for example citral [67], verbenol [68], or chrysanthenol [69]. The employment of optically pure precursors is inevitable to get the desired (-)-trans-A9-THC. 

At the end of the reaction, hydroperoxide can be easily recovered in the aqueous phase (98-99%) after its separation from the organic phase and precipitation of the enzymes. The hydroperoxides obtained are highly reactive molecules [109]. They are intermediate compounds in the lipoxygenase pathway in plants, precursors for the synthesis of hydroxy-fatty acids (i.e., ( + )-coriolic acid [38,110], and regulators of the prostaglandins biosynthesis [111-113]. 

Spurgeon SL, Porter JW (1981) In biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds. In Porter JW, Spurgeon SL (eds) John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 1... 

Co within all compounds of the so-called cobalamin (or B12) family. The biological functions of cobalamin cofactors are defined by their axial substituents either a methyl or an adenosyl group. Both cofactors participate in biosynthesis the former in methyl transfer reactions while the latter is a free radical initiator, abstracting H atoms from substrates. Decades after their initial characterization, the fascination with the biological chemistry of cobalamins remains.1109... 

Certain strictly anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria apparently do not contain heme compounds. In the first named organisms this cannot be ascribed to a failure to perform the first step in porphyrin biosynthesis since Clostridia are notorious for production of the porphyrin-like nucleus (corrin) which occurs in vitamin B12 (7, 43). 

Demain, A.L. and Vaishnav, P. (2006) Involvement of nitrogen-containing compounds in /3-lactam biosynthesis and its control. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 26, 67—82. 

Schweizer E (1989) Biosynthesis of fatty acids and related compounds. In Ratledge C, Wilkinson SG (eds), Microbial lipids, vol. 2. Academic Press, London, p 3 -50... 

The scope of the majority of the papers is limited to the ascertainment of the existence of de novo biosynthesis of a particular compound. In this respect it has recently been proposed that in many cases it would be possible to predict the origin of secondary metabolites in nudibranch molluscs by examining their geographical variations in a given species [10]. Those molluscs that exhibit considerable variation in their chemical constituents undoubtedly obtain these from dietary sources, while those that have the same substances wherever they are collected are most likely capable of de novo biosynthesis. 

Introduction of chlorine or bromine into the 3- and/or 4- positions of the side chain yields more potent compounds in terms of hypotension in rats and dopamine p- hydroxylase inhibition (31. 32). The analog YP-279 (XXXV) is also hypotensive in rats but is said not to affect brain norepinephrine biosynthesis unlike fusaric acid or dibromofusaric acid (33-35). Fusaric acid amide (bupicomide, Sch 10595, XXXVI) is clinically effective at 300 to 1800 mg per day and is said to have hemodynamic effects similar to hydralazine (36. 37). The amide is... 

Abstract This chapter reviews chemical structures of biologically active, volatile compounds in beetles. Techniques used for structure elucidation are briefly discussed as well as facts and speculations on the biosynthesis of target compounds. Syntheses of selected substances are cursorily presented. The order of sections follows taxonomic classifications. Depending on the biological significance of relevant compounds in certain taxa, the corresponding sections are again subdivided into attractive compounds (mostly intraspecifically active pheromones) and defensive compounds (mostly interspecifically active allomones). 

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