Competitive scenario

If the retardation factor approach is adopted for performance assessment, the distribution coefficient should be measured under conditions that represent a worst case competition scenario. One approach to approximating conservative conditions is to pre-wash the zeolite in an effort to saturate the exchange sites with calcium, the chief competitor (e g., Cantrell, 1996). Alternatively, it may suffice to operate the columns until full breakthrough of the competing solutes is observed, as suggested by Figure 4, followed by the analysis of spatial concentrations. 

In the frame of this weakly nonlinear theory the hexagons are the first to appear, subcritically on increasing the value of the bifurcation parameter /x, the hexagons become unstable with respect to stripes. Reversing the variation of /X allows one to recover the hexagonal structure but by undergoing an hysteresis loop. This is the universal hex-stripes competition scenario that comes up in many different fields of study. It is also that which is observed in the quasi-2D Turing experiments [20, 34] and in the theoretical analysis [35-39] and numerical simulations of most nonlinear chemical models [40-44]. 

Scenario 3 This phase would roughly comprise of post-2020 period. In this period, the key event expected to happen would be larger penetration of light emitting diode (LED)-based lamps as their prices would become competitive as compared to present prices of CFL. The prices of CFL as a result are expected to fall further. It is thus desirable to implement the master plan in phases, as when the LED lighting becomes affordable at competitive price, the off take of CFLs/FTLs would slow down and plateau out. As LED lamps do not contain mercury, the elaborate recycling system would not be required for the end-of-life LED lamps. 

Growing pressure for the preservation of resources and the environment are enhancing the competitive prospects of electricity driven processes [1]. In this scenario, electrochemistry by its nature can offer several solutions... 

A hydrogen-based economy could be the ideal scenario for personal transportation. The ultimate goal is a fuel cell car that is competitive in price and performance with the internal combustion vehicle. Some early users will pay a premium for new technology, but most drivers will not pay 20-30% more for similar performance. 

As for gas, it can be said, that the projected growth scenarios for conventional gas seem justified from the point of view of ultimately recoverable resources and that, unlike oil, no major discrepancies between projected demand and supply are to be expected in the coming decades. An important aspect of the future availability of natural gas, however, is the creation of the necessary infrastructure for the production and subsequent transport of the gas to the customer. An increased demand competition between Europe, the United States and Asia is likely to be expected this concerns, for instance, a possible supply of Asia, particularly China, with gas from Russia, or an extended competition for LNG between the EU and the USA. 

In the renewable scenario, 50% of the hydrogen must come from renewable sources from 2020 on. Biomass is the cheapest renewable option, but has a limited potential, as the competition between hydrogen, biofuels and other uses has to be considered. Offshore wind via electrolysis could, therefore, play a very important role for hydrogen production after 2020. Onsite SMR also dominates here in the early phase. 

Germany and the EU would amount to roughly 10/55 Mt per year by 2030 and 70/350 Mt per year by 2050 accumulating globally to up to 1300 Mt per year by 2050. However, the total available C02 storage potential and its potential competition with the power sector must also be considered and could constrain such a scenario. 

Section 18.2 describes the competitiveness of economies in the field of hydrogen using a so called lead market approach. Section 18.3 deals with hydrogen penetration scenarios, which are the underlying scenarios for the different model applications in Sections 18.4-18.6. 

Three import-export scenarios have been analysed. Each scenario describes a possible future for the competitiveness of hydrogen technologies produced within the EU. 

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