Compartmentalized shell

With this knowledge also dual-stimuli-responsive micellar aggregates with a compartmentalized shell have been formed in aqueous solution from ABC triblock terpolymers with tunable hydrophilicity polybutadiene-fc/ocfc-poly (terf-butyl methacrylate)-fc/oc -poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl meth-acrylate) (PB-ii-PfBMA-fc-PDMAEMA) and, after modification by hydrolysis to poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) or quatemization to PDMAEMAq, PB-fc-PMAA- -PDMAEMAq terpolymers. Control over micellar shape, size, and charge was achieved by self-assembly in water, depending on pH and... 

Synatschke CV et al (2013) Micellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes with a compartmentalized shell. Macromolecules 46 6466-6474. doi 10.1021/ma400934n... 

Fig. 18 Schematical representation of different types of micelles formed by ABC triblock copolymers. Core-shell-corona micelles with insoluble core and shell (a), core-shell-corona micelles with radially compartmentalized corona (b), and Janus micelles with laterally compartmentalized corona (c)...

The use of biomineralization to compartmentalize materials occurs on many scales from the coccolith-forming algae discussed below to the shells of birds and reptiles. It has also been demonstrated by Martel and Young that combinations of calcium salts and proteins generate hollow calcium rich shells which bear very close similarities to purported remains of nanobacteria [24],... 

The theory also has relevance to the so-called seeded " emulsion polymerization reactioas- In these reactions, polymerization is initial in the presence of a seed latex under conditions such that new particles are unlikely to form. The loci for the compartmentalized free-radical polymerization that occurs are therefore provided principally by the particles of the initial seed latex. Such reactions are of interest for the preparation of latices whose particles have, for instance, a core-shell" structure. They are also of great interest for investigating the fondamentals of compartmentalized free-radical polymerization processes. In this latter connection it is important to note that, in principle, measurements of conversion as a function of time during nonsteady-state polymerizations in seeded systems offer the possibility of access to certain fundamental properties of reaction systems not otherwise available. As in the case of free-radical polymerization reactions that occur in homogeneous media, investigation of the reaction during the nonsteady state can provide information of a fundamental nature not available through measurements made on the same reaction system in the steady state. 

Ferritins present several of the features of iron biochemistry mentioned above. They sequester iron in a safe form as a hydrous ferric oxide-phosphate mineral inside a protein coat. The protein, a hollow shell, has a capacity for up to about 4000 Fe atoms by virtue of its ability to pack this iron in its interior in a mineral form (11). The molecular design renders an otherwise insoluble mineral soluble and, by enabling iron to traverse the shell, allows a relatively high surface area of mineral to equilibrate with cytosolic iron. In eukaryotes, iron acquisition and release by ferritin may be to some extent compartmentalized. In higher organisms, iron may be deposited... 

An immediate result follows from an examination of the ratio (n)(C)/(n)(RW) for the three Cartesian shells considered here. For N N = 218, and N = 386, the ratios are n) C)/ n) RW) = 0.44, 0.50, and 0.54, respectively. Since it was proved analytically (see earlier discussion) that ind = 2 this ratio is unity in the limit Af oo, it is evident that short-range focusing associated with a cage/chemical effect can have a dramatic influence on the efficiency of the underlying diffusion-reaction process in finite, compartmentalized systems. Different assumptions on the spatial character of a local cage or a specific realization of the short-range quantum-chemical effect can influence further the above ratios. 

The results of experimental and theoretical research on water-soluble (nonstoichio-metric) IPECs based on nonlinear (branched) polyionic species (HPE) complexed with oppositely charged linear PEs (GPE) demonstrated that the main feature of such macromolecular co-assemblies is their pronounced compartmentalized structure, which results from a distinctly nonuniform distribution of the linear GPE chains within the intramolecular volume of the branched HPE. In the case of star-shaped PEs or star-like micelles of ionic amphiphilic block copolymers, this com-partmentalization leads to the formation of water-soluble IPECs with core-corona (complex coacervate core) or core-shell-corona (complex coacervate shell) structures, respectively. Water-soluble IPECs based on cylindrical PE brushes appear to exhibit longitudinally undulating structures (necklace) of complex coacervate pearls decorated by the cylindrical PE corona. 

In block copolymer or block copolymer/homopolymer complex systems, core/shell micelles with unicompartmental corona have been observed so far. Systems involving complexes of two block copolymers have an opportunity to form compartmentalized corona due to difference in hydrogen-bonding strength between two coronal blocks. 

---