Common Textile Fibers

Photomicrographs of Common Textile Fibers, rev. ed. New York, Textile Book Publishing Co., 1949. 

Table 1 Birefrigence Values of Common Textile Fibers...

Polyolefin fibers, on the other hand, have some drawbacks when compared to common textile fibers such as polyester. These limitations include relatively lower resiliency, creeping due to their low glass transition temperature (Tg), poor... 

A mechanically stable common textile fiber is coated by a conductive polymer. 

Fibers have been produced from a wide range of polymers (Appendix III). A handy listing of common textile fibers is found in the Textile World Manmade Fiber Chart, issued each year by Textile World [17]. This comprehensive chart lists the various fiber names, types, optical micrographs of cross sections and longitudinal views, mechanical properties, etc., of about 35 textile fibers. 

Tenacity-extension curves for PLA and other common textile fibers (20°C, 65% RH). 

In general, textile fibers should be optically opaque so that their refractive indexes need to be significantly different from those of their most common environments, namely, air and water. Luster and color are two optical properties that relate to a fiber s aesthetic quatity and consumer acceptance. 

The elongation of a stretched fiber is best described as a combination of instantaneous extension and a time-dependent extension or creep. This viscoelastic behavior is common to many textile fibers, including acetate. Conversely, recovery of viscoelastic fibers is typically described as a combination of immediate elastic recovery, delayed recovery, and permanent set or secondary creep. The permanent set is the residual extension that is not recoverable. These three components of recovery for acetate are given in Table 1 (4). The elastic recovery of acetate fibers alone and in blends has also been reported (5). In textile processing strains of more than 10% are avoided in order to produce a fabric of acceptable dimensional or shape stabiUty. 

Properties. As prepared, the polymer is not soluble in any known solvents below 200°C and has limited solubiUty in selected aromatics, halogenated aromatics, and heterocycHc Hquids above this temperature. The properties of Ryton staple fibers are in the range of most textile fibers and not in the range of the high tenacity or high modulus fibers such as the aramids. The density of the fiber is 1.37 g/cm which is about the same as polyester. However, its melting temperature of 285°C is intermediate between most common melt spun fibers (230—260°C) and Vectran thermotropic fiber (330°C). PPS fibers have a 7 of 83°C and a crystallinity of about 60%. 

Virtually all of the nitrobenzene made is converted to aniline. The most important use of aniline is for the preparation of 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl methane (commonly called methylenedianiline or MDA), an intermediate to one of the main ingredients used to make polyurethane foams and rubber. Aniline is also used to make other rubber chemicals, textile fiber intermediates, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. 

Along with nylons, polyester fibers approach and exceed common natural fibers such as cotton and wool in heat stability, wash-and-wear properties, and wrinkle resistance. Blended textiles from polyester, cotton, and wool also can be made to be permanent-press and... 

This textile fiber is the first man-made organic textile fiber prepared wholly from new material from the mineral kingdom. Though wholly fabricated from such common raw material as coal, water, and air, nylon can be fashioned into filaments as strong as steel, as fine as spider s web, yet more elastic than any of the common natural fibers. 

Mechanical Properries. Acetate and triacetate have a tenacity in the range of (1.10-0.12 N/tex tl.l-1.4 gl/den 1 with a breaking elongation of about 25-30%. Compared to other common textile libers, acetate and triacetate are relatively weak. e.g.. 20-25 3 the tenacity of polyester. This is not necessarily a disadvantage, because fabric construction can bo used to obtain the desired fabric performance targets. Pilling, the accumulation of fuzz balls on the fabric with wear, is not a problem as It is with the higher tenacity fibers. 

Until the mid 20th century only natural textile fibers were generally available, and most garments were made of either wool or cotton. From the 1940s onward natural fibers were more commonly partly replaced by synthetic fibers used either on their own or in mixed natural and synthetic yarn. By the late 20th century natural fiber use had dropped worldwide to approximately 35%. Despite this, cotton remains the most widely used textile fiber (Miller 1992). The second half of the 20th century saw a massive expansion not only in the use of synthetic fibers but also in natural-synthetic fiber mixtures. 

The two most common natural textile fibers encountered in modern fabrics have contrasting responses to soil burial. Under most soil burial conditions cellulose will degrade rapidly whereas wool will decay at a slower rate. These phenomena are demonstrated by the degradation of textile fibers from the Experimental Earthworks Project (Janaway 1996a). Figures 7.9 and 7.10 compare wool and linen buried in the chalk environments at Overton Down for 32 years. The linen is denatured to the point that there is little surviving morphology, whereas the wool retained some fiber structure. 

Most textiles found in historic museums are natural fibers dyed with natural dyestuffs. Therefore, in this experiment two common textiles, cotton and wool, were dyed with safflower, madder root, logwood chips, and indigo. These dyes were chosen to represent a range of colors often found in historic textiles. The cotton and wool textiles were obtained... 

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