Common names, for compounds

The lUPAC name of compound II is 2-chloro-l-ethoxybutane, i.e., the compound is named as a derivative of butane which contains ethoxy and chloro groups at C-1 and C-2. Giving a common name for compound II is very difficult and inappropriate because there is no simple name for the right-side C4 substituent attached to the oxygen. 

Biochemists often use shorter common names for compounds rather than their standard chemical ones. This may be confusing for students in the initial stages of their studies and for this reason the alternative names for some important biochemical compounds are given in Table 2.2. 

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are common names for these two diols and are acceptable lUPAC names Aside from these two compounds the lUPAC system does not use the word glycol for naming diols... 

The lUPAC mles permit the use of common names for a number of familiar phenols and aryl ethers These common names are listed here along with their systematic names Write the stmcture of each compound... 

Several compounds of the CaO—P2O3—H2O system are given in Table 8. The common names for the mono-, di-, and tricalcium phosphates arise from the traditional double-oxide formulas, CaO 2i5p T2O3, 2CaO H2O +205, and 3CaO +205, respectively. These terms are routinely used in industry. With the exception of the monocalcium salt, the calcium phosphates are all sparingly soluble. 

As its name implies, this complex transfers a pair of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q a small, hydrophobic, yellow compound. Another common name for this enzyme complex is NADH dehydrogenase. The complex (with an estimated mass of 850 kD) involves more than 30 polypeptide chains, one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and as many as seven Fe-S clusters, together containing a total of 20 to 26 iron atoms (Table 21.2). By virtue of its dependence on FMN, NADH-UQ reductase is a jlavoprotein. 

When the two groups in disubstituted benzenes are different, the same three isomers are possible that are possible when the substituents are the same. Compounds with two different substituents are usually named as positional derivatives of a monosubstituted (parent) compound. Above, the common (and commercial) name for methylbenzene is toluene, and the chlorinated derivatives are named as shown above. However, the same two chlorinated derivatives can also be properly named 2-chloromethylbenzene and 4-chloromethylbenzene. In this case, for naming, the parent compound is methylbenzene and it is understood that the methyl group is in the 1-position. The terms ortho- (1,2-), meta- (1,3-), and para- (1,4-) are also sometimes used for example, 2-chlorotoluene can be called ortho-c Aoioio -uene. This can be very confusing, but in the chemical industry, outside of the research labs, the common names for the parent compounds are almost always used. 

In addition to the rnles for naming compounds, there are also some common names for some simple and common organic componnds. You should be aware of these names to the extent that yonr conrse demands this of yon. Each conrse will be different in terms of how many of these common names yon shonld be familiar with. Here are some examples ... 

This next example involves the well-known plant kawa. A psychoactive beverage made from the roots of this plant is used widely in the islands of the southwestern Pacific Ocean either for ritualistic or routine consumption. Kava is the common name for Piper methysticum Forst. f. from which several compounds responsible for the pharmacological activity have been isolated and identified. Representative structures of the family of styrylpyrones, commonly called kavalactones, are given in Fig. 6.6. The compounds are based upon a carbon skeleton consisting of a styryl function (C C ) attached to a six-membered lactone ring. The fundamental compound, kawain, is shown as structure [547]. Structural variants include... 

Q Write the common name for each compound in question 1. Q VUit Name each compound. 

The pyrrolopyridine isomers, shown in Figure 1, represent the most widely studied compounds within the bicyclic 5-6 systems discussed here. Azaindole, a common name for these compounds, is found less frequently in the literature. Each ring of the pyrrolopyridines contains a nitrogen heteroatom. The most comprehensively studied isomers are compounds 1-6. There have been scarce, if any, references to isomers 7-12 in the period under investigation. 

Hydroxides. The generic name for compounds of the type Ma(OH) where M is a metal and a b are integers. Most hydroxides are insol or sparingly sol in water but are sol in aq acid with the formation of salts. Most hydroxides have been used in neutralizing nitrated explosives made by mxied acid or nitric acid nitration although bicarbonates are more commonly employed. The more common hydroxides are listed below ... 

Bertholite is the common name for dichlorine (CI2), atoxic gas that has been used as a chemical weapon. Why is bertholite most certainly a covalently bonded compound What is the most likely electron dot structure of this compound ... 

Dividing the gram molecular mass you were given (194.2 g/mol) by this empirical formula mass yields the quotient, 2. Multiplying each of the subscripts in the empirical formula by 2 produces the molecular formula, CgHjgN 02. The common name for this culturally important compound is caffeine. 

Common Names for Organic Compounds Hearken Back to the Old Bags... 

Dials are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. They are named as for alcohols except that the suffix -dial is used and two numbers are required to locate the hydroxyls. 1,2-diols are called glycols. The common names for glycols usually arise from the name of the aUcene from which they are prepared. 

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