Commission sales

To evaluate design options and carry out preliminary process optimization, simple economic criteria are required. What happens to the revenue from product sales after the process has been commissioned The sales revenue first pays for fixed costs which are independent of the rate of production. Variable costs, which do depend on the rate of production, also must be met. After this, taxes are deducted to leave the net profit. 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales, 1970—1986, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, D.C. 

United States International Trade Commission (USITC), Synthetic Organic Chemicals—United States Production and Sales, 1990, pubhcation 2470, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1991 R. F. Bradley, A. Leder, and Y. Sakuma, Fluorocarbons, ia Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI latematioaal, Menlo Park, Calif., 1990, sections 543.7000—543.7003, plus 1992 supplemental data. 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals United States Production and Sales, United States International Tiade Commission, U.S. Government Printing Office, Waslungton, D.C., 1990. 

Whereas new appHcations of lithium compounds were developed, commercial growth was slow. In 1953 worldwide sales of lithium products, expressed as lithium carbonate, were only ca 1000 metric tons (2). In 1954 the U.S. lithium industry underwent a sudden, very large expansion when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission required large amounts of lithium hydroxide [1310-65-2] for its nuclear weapons program (see Nuclearreactors). Three domestic producers built 4500-t/yr plants to meet contract commitments with the U.S. government. When these government contracts ended in 1960, capacity exceeded demand and several operations were discontinued. 

Distribution Channels. Most commodity chemicals ate primarily sold by the producer to a relatively small number of very large users. However, producers of commodity chemicals also utilize disttibutors to teach small volume users. Distributors buy in bulk and repackage or resell in smaller amounts to a broad spectmm of users. Distributors profit by the difference between their bulk cost and their LCL (less-than-cadoad lots) sales plus a commission from the producer, which may be as high as 15% of the bulk price but is mote often 5 to 10%. 

Economic Aspects. When trimellitic anhydride was introduced in semicommercial quantities in 1962, it was priced at 1.19/kg. The price was reduced to 0.55/kg as it became available in commercial quantities in 1968. The mid-1994 price was quoted as 2.31/kg from Amoco, fob, the JoHet, Illinois plant. A price history is given in Table 32. Although trimellitic anhydride production and sales figures are not available, the pubUshed U.S. Tariff Commission s production data for trimeUitate esters provides data for the trimellitic anhydride demand trend in the United States, since the largest single use of trimellitic anhydride is for the trimeUitate esters (115). These data are given in Table 32. 

The development of new aluminum carboxylates is evident in the Hterature. However, sales volume has decreased or the number of suppHers has been concentrated to such an extent that the U.S. International Trade Commission now reports data only for aluminum tristearate (867 t at 1.34/kg) (1). The aluminum carboxylates of most commercial interest according to the trade Hterature (2,3) are given in Table 1. 

According to the U.S. International Trade Commission s Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Production and Sales, 1987, the three manufacturers of diphenylamine are Rubicon, Inc., Aristech Chemical Corp., and Uniroyal Chemical Co. No production figures have been given siace 1974, but U.S. production ia the range of 5,000—10,000 t/yr appears reasonable. 

United States Tariff Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1941—1943, 1946, 1956, 1966, 1975 United States International Trade Commission. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, Pubhcation2118, 1987. 

Economic Aspects. There is little evidence of large-scale demand for either quinoline or isoquinoline in 1996. The U.S. Tariff Commission reports no longer show separate production or sales data for any quinoline derivative. A number of these compounds are available as fine chemicals representative examples are found in Table 2. The principal suppHer of quinoline and quinoline still residue is Koppers Chemical. 

European Commission for these and other substances by nominated dates. The toxicological data and estimation of exposure will form the basis of risk analysis and deterrnination of the appropriate restriction and control of substances in the workplace (58). Restriction of the sales of dangerous substances and preparations to the general pubHc is enforced under Directive 76/769 EC (59). 

The data in Table 1, as reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission (39), show the extent of acid dye production and sales in the United States in 1988. In addition, the Trade Commission Import (40) data shows that 2753 t of acid dyes valued at 24.9 million was imported in 1983. Table 2 shows the important acid dyes for which production and sales data are revealed by the manufacturers. 

Production and sales data for methyl chloride, as reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission for the years 1945 to 1989, are given in Table 3. Production grew tremendously in the 1960s and again in the late 1980s. Methanol hydrochlorination was used to produce about 64% of the methyl chloride in 1969 and about 98% by 1974. The principal U.S. producers and their capacities are shown in Table 4 (54). These capacities do not include the 100 + million kg per year used by The Dow Chemical Company, Occidental, and Vulcan to captively produce other chloromethanes. 

Data on the production, sales, and value of synthetic coumarin were pubhshed by the U.S. Tariff Commission until 1967 (Table 4). Later data are not available because the number of producers dropped to three or fewer. In 1992, Rhone-Poulenc was the only coumarin producer both ia the United States and in Western Europe. Commercial quantities of coumarin have also been produced in China and, to a lesser extent, in the former Soviet Union. 

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