Comminuted base

Fruit products from citms fruits (comminuted bases) are obtained by autoclaving (2-3 min at 0.3 MPa) and then straining the fmits through sieves, followed by homogenization. Fmit nectars also include juices or juice concentrates from berries or stone fmits, adjusted by addition of water and sugar. 

The S-form can be obtained by treating Copper Phthalocyanine Blue in benzene or toluene with aqueous sulfuric acid in the presence of a surfactant [21], The e-phase is produced by comminution of the a-, 7-, or 8-modification, for instance in a planetary ball mill. The mill base is then aftertreated in an organic solvent at elevated temperature. It is important to realize that the temperature, depending on the solvent, must be kept below the transition temperature at which the e-phase converts to the (3-modification (30 to 160°C). The e-modification is made best from the 7-phase, and the most preferred solvents are alcohols [22], For the industrially hitherto insignificant tt, X, and R-forms of Copper Phthalocyanine Blue (see [1], Vol. II, 34-35). 

Shaped fruit product based on dried fruit and cereal contains Jerusalem artichoke granules produced by comminuting dried tubers... 

Employ a formula based on the Bond third theory of comminution. The formula is... 

Among low-temperature procedures widely used in the powder production of ductile materials are various kinds of cryodispersion or cryomilling methods based on mechanical comminution of materials at cryogenic temperatures. A decrease of the comminution temperature is accompanied by a corresponding... 

The AIROX (Atomics international Reduction Oxidation) process is being developed to reprocess spent uranium oxide-based fuel. It is a cyclic oxidation-reduction process that employs only gaseous and solid materials no liquids are used. Hence, this process is often referred to as a dry process which simultaneously declads and pulverizes the fuel. Pulverization permits release of volatile fission products and comminutes the fuel for reenrichment and recycle. It also provides gaseous access to unreacted fuel in the center of the pellet. 

Compression is the most usual comminution force for brittle materials. Materials are compressed between two heavy-duty metal surfaces. Crushers based on compaction force are jaw, cone, gyratory, and roll crushers. These are most widely used to reduce the size of coarse rocks and minerals particles. In soUd waste treatment, their use is not widespread, because compression force, in most cases, simply deforms the materials but does not change their size (e.g., metals, paper, plastic, organics). 

Impact is the simplest size-reduction force. It is also appUed for the comminution of brittle materials. As feed particles fall free on a high-speed solid rotor, the massive rotor impacts and breaks them into smaller particles. Secondarily, the material is struck onto a compact plate, where particle size is further reduced. Crushers based on impact force are impactors and hammer mills. They are characterized by high size reduction ratio, reaching up to 20 1. 

This attractive technique was first tested to micronize explosives (18,72-74). Mechanical methods such as milling generate high local temperatures, and therefore are useless in this particular case the use of SCCO2 as an antisolvent allowed comminution to proceed at mild temperatures. As already noted, the GAS process is a batch technique, which entails the gradual introduction of a compressed gas into a liquid solution of the solute of interest in a primary organic solvent. This method is based on the ability of liquids to... 

Allen, M.A. (1998) Comminution of geological samples using syalon based milling vessels comparison with established methods. Analytical Communications, 35, 75-78. 

Forces commonly used in food processes for particle size reduction are compressive, impact, attrition (or shear), and cutting forces. More than one force usually participates in the comminution operation in industrial size-reduction equipment. In particular, crushing rolls use mainly compressive forces, hammer mills are based on impact, disc mills cause particle attrition through shear force application, and rotary knife cutters use cutting forces. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMINUTED PRODUCTS. The objective of crushing and grinding is to produce small particles from larger ones. Smaller particles are desired either because of their large surface or because of their shape, size, and number. One measure of the efficiency of the operation is based on the energy required to create new surface, for as shown in Chap. 28, the surface area of a unit mass of particles increases greatly as the particle size is reduced. 

Hydration. The ability of proteins to bind and hold water without syner-esis is critical in many foods, e.g. comminuted meat products. Although the caseins are relatively hydrophobic, they bind c. 2g H20g protein, which is typical of proteins. Hydration increases with increasing pH and is relatively independent of NaCl concentration, which is especially important in the efficacy of casein in meat-based products. The water-holding capacity of sodium caseinate is higher than that of calcium caseinate or micellar casein. 

---