Commercial paper processing

Various improvements in the sulfur dioxide reduction processes have been commercialized, including the Canadian International Paper Process (1946) and the Kesting, Persson, and Holst processes. A variation combining both chloride and sulfur dioxide reductant processes was developed and patented by KemaNord AB (47). 

Continuous emulsion polymerization systems are studied to elucidate reaction mechanisms and to generate the knowledge necessary for the development of commercial continuous processes. Problems encountered with the development of continuous reactor systems and some of the ways of dealing with these problems will be discussed in this paper. Those interested in more detailed information on chemical mechanisms and theoretical models should consult the review papers by Ugelstad and Hansen (1), (kinetics and mechanisms) and by Poehlein and Dougherty (2, (continuous emulsion polymerization). 

The development of commercial continuous processes involves the consideration of many factors associated with process design and product quality. Most of the factors discussed in this paper will be important. Other, equally significant parameters, may be important for specific polymer products. Failure to deal with any of these problems may mean failure to develop an economical process. 

Records indicate that Braconnot was interested in the dilute-acid method of hydrolysis as early as 1819. Many other workers have made contributions, but it was not until 1898 that an attempt was made to commercialize the process. At that time Simonsen published a paper on the process. His process consisted in treating sawdust for fifteen minutes with four parts of 0.5% sulfuric acid at about 9 atmospheres pressure. He obtained a 6 % yield of sugar, based on dry wood. 

Azzam, F. 0. and Lee, S., "Design and Operation of Wet Oxidation Mini-Pilot Plant for Complete and Partial Combustion", invited paper for Symposium on The Role of Pilot Plants in Commercialization of Processes, paper No 36E, AIChE Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Mar 29 - Apr 2,1992. 

In this paper we present a study of the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation which leads to commercially feasible processes for the production of (S)-2-(6 -methoxy-2 -naphthyl)propionic acid (naproxen) and (S)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid (S-ibuprofen). 

The hydrogen membrane testing unit at NETL was operated and maintained by R. Hirsh, J. Brannen, R. Rokicki, M. Ditillo, B. Neel, M. Schellhaas, and G. Schlata. Surface characterization data was obtained with the assistance of Edward Fisher. The work at ANL was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy - NETL, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38. Reference in this paper to any specific commercial product, process, or service is to facilitate understanding and does not necessarily imply its endorsement or favoring by the United States Department of Energy. 

The pH range of magnesium bicarbonate solutions is quite broad, and extends from about 6.4 to about 9.5. As the chemistry of the deacidification process probably depends, to some extent, on the pH of the solution, this, plus the uncertainty of the composition of commercial paper samples, may explain some of the differences in results from one laboratory to another. One also must remember that about twenty possible chemical modifications of the anhydroglucose ring in cellulose may be written down. 

FILTRATION — is Subduction by Filtration in a Colander but this process in the chymical filter may be also called Straining, or Percolation it is performed chiefly in operation upon moist substances, from which the aqueous part passes through the colander, and those which are oily or thick are left behind. The practice is principally this. A sheet of commercial paper [carte emporetica], or a rough basket, is shaped into the form of a bag, or applied to the vessel, after the manner of a funnel, etc. The infused liquid passes out by degrees, to be distilled into its receptacle, whence this operation is called Distillation by the Colander. Or ... 

Also, later in this paper, when we discuss the reaction of ethylene oxide with the pyrophosphate bond, there will be presented evidence addressing the level of pyrophosphate content believed present in Vircol 82. Fyrol 6, although produced commercially through processes other than those described in this slide, continues to be a commercially useful flame retardant for rigid urethane foams. 

Who Exfoliated In the Cleaning Tank A contamination problem developed In a device line cleaning operation particulate contamination monitors (flamed SI wafers) showed many particulates, as In Figure 11. [(done In-sltu because SI Is 50Z transmissive In the Infrared.)] The In-sltu small area Infrared spectrum (Indicates) zeln, a corn-derived protein, which has over 100 commercial uses, many In paper processing. However, as bare paper Is not allowed In this clean area, another source of zeln had to be found. Zeln Is also widely used In cosmetics as a powder or "pancake" make-up base. Thus, In all likelihood, some operator had violated the rules regarding cosmetics In the clean room, and "exfoliated" over the cleaning station tanks. 

Process design is the initial stage of process development where an outline of the clinical trial and commercial manufacturing processes are identified on paper, including the intended scale(s) of manufacture. This should be documented in a Process Design Report. 

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