Combustion, in spark-ignited

Daneshyar, H. D. and Hill, F. G., The structure of small-scale turbulence and its effect on combustion in spark ignition engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 13,47-73,1987. 

Richard, S., Colin, O., Vermorel, O., Benkenida, A., Angelberger, C., and Veynante, D., Towards large eddy simulation of combustion in spark ignition engines. Proc. Comb. Inst., 2007. 31,3059-3066. 

Spicher, U., A. Kolmel, H. Kubach, and G. Topfer, Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines with Direct Injection. SAE, 2000-01-0649,2000. 

Verhelst, S., Sierens, R. (2003). Simulation of hydrogen combustion in spark-ignition engines. In "La planete hydrogene", Proc. M World Hydrogen Conf., Montreal 2002, CDROM published by CogniScience Publ., Montreal. 

Figure 11.52. Lambda probe usedfor controlling combustion in spark ignition engines probe assembled on the exhaust pipe and section view of the membrane...

Yuasa, T., Kadota, S., Tsue, M., Kono, M., Nomuta, H., and Ujiie, Y, Effects of energy deposition schedule on minimum ignition energy in spark ignition of methane-air mixtures, Proc. Combust. Inst., 29, 743, 2002. 

Nakaya, S., et al., A numerical study on early stage of flame kernel development in spark ignition process for methane/air combustible mixtures, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng.(B), 73-732, 1745,2007 (in Japanese). 

Boudier, R, S. Henriot, T. Roinsot, T. Baritaud, A model for turbulent flame ignition and propagation in spark ignition engines. Proc. Combust. Inst., 1992. 24 503-510. 

Knock in spark ignition engines may be defined as an abnormally rapid combustion of the unburned fuel-air mixture ahead of the normal flame front. A severe pressure unbalance due to this rapid combustion process sets up shock waves which impinge on the cylinder walls and piston and produce the characteristic metallic knocking noise (43). 

When oxidized in a fuel cell, the only significant emission is water vapor. When combusted in an internal-combustion engine (spark-ignition or diesel) some oxides of nitrogen and peroxides may be produced, depending on the calibration of the fuel system and configuration of the engine. None of the toxic emissions typical of petroleum fuels are present [1.35]. 

This chapter is concerned mainly with experimental observations and measurements, one purpose of which is to show how the mechanistic structures for hydrocarbon oxidation (Chapter 1) lead to the observed combustion characteristics, and to describe more recent chemical evidence from combustion studies in support of those interpretations (Section 6.5). It also paves the way to the discussion of spontaneous ignition, or autoignition, in spark-ignition engines, in Chapter 7. 

D. Bradley, G.T. Kalghatgi, C. Morley, P. Snowdon and J. Yeo, CARS Temperature Measurements and the Cyclic Dispersion of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines, 25th Symp. (Int.) Comb. (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1995) p. 125. 

O.K.L. Lee and N.S. Lightfoot, Investigation of Flame Propagation Leading to the Knock Phenomenon in Spark Ignition Engine, Combustion Research Conference, 18/19 March 1986 (Publications Office, Harwell Laboratory, 1986) p. 134. 

D. Bradley, S. Merdjani, C.G.W. Sheppard and J. Yeo, A Computational Model of Autoignition in Spark Ignition Engines, Joint Meeting of the Portuguese (British, Spanish and Swedish Sections of the Combustion Institute, Madeira, 1996) p. 17.3.1. 

Kalghatgi, G.T. 1996. Combustion Chamber Deposits and Knock in Spark Ignition Engines—Some Additive and Fuel Effects. SAE Paper No. 962009. 

Various t)q5es of modern power plants can operate on natural gas highly diluted with nitrogen, up to methane content below 50% in electrochemical generators (fuel cells), 40% in spark ignition engines, 30% in conventional gas turbines, 5% in diesel engines, and 1% in gas turbines with catalytic combustion [300]. 

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