Flameless combustion

Wet air oxidation is based on a Hquid-phase oxidation between the organic material in the wastewater and oxygen suppHed by compressed air. The reaction takes place flamelessly in an enclosed vessel which is pressurized and at a high temperature, typically 13.79 x 10 Pa and 575°C. The system temperature, initiated by a start-up boiler, is maintained through auto thermal combustion of organics once the reaction starts. 

V.V. Aleksandrov S.S. Khlevnoi, FizGoreniyaVzryva G (4), 438—43 (1970) CA 75, 89714 (1971) Earlier work showed that the surface temp, Ts, of NG powder (a mixt of NC, NG and DNT) in flameless combustion does not depend on the initial temp. On the basis of. expts conducted at elevated temps and pressures, the mean heat of vaporization of a volatile com-... 

Peclet number, 352 trickle operation, 92-93 gas phase, 94 liquid phase, 103 Penetration theory, 340 Polymers, 38-40 n-Propane, 178 Propellants, solid combustion, 4-50 flameless, 45... 

Reactions that occur in fuel cells can be thought of as being flameless combustion reactions. Explain why. 

Leanza, R Rossetti, 1 Fabbrini, L Oliva, C Fomi, L. Perovskite catalysts for the catalytic flameless combustion of methane Preparation by flame-hydrolysis and charaeterisation by TPD-TPR-MS and EPR. Appl. Catal, B Environmental, 2000, Volume 28, Issue 1, 55-64. 

Clapsaddle, C. and Van Osdell, D. (2000) Environmental Technology Verification Report (ETV) - NO, Control Technologies - Catalytica Combustion System, Inc. XONON Flameless Combustion System, EPA Cooperative Agreement CR826152-01-2. 

Determination of Mercury, Fluorine, Boron, and Selenium. The Determination of Mercury. A coal sample is decomposed by igniting a combustion bomb containing a dilute nitric acid solution under 24 atm of oxygen. After combustion, the bomb washings are diluted to a known volume, and mercury is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a flameless cold vapor technique. 

C.E. Kirby, Flameless Combustion Mechanism of M-2 Double-Base Propellant , NASA Tech Note TND-6105 (1971) CA 74, 143953 (1971) [The author reports on the heat of reaction for the flameless combustion of M-2 double-base proplnt (NG 20, NC 77, and other ingredients 3%) detd at 2,07-1380kN/m2 by the use of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The heat of reaction... 

B Reactions of compounds with oxygen with the development of flames are called combustions. In addition, flameless reactions of organic compounds with oxygen are known. They are referred to as autoxidations. Of the autoxidations, only those that take place via sufficiently stable radical intermediates can deliver pure compounds and at the same time appealing yields. Preparatively valuable autoxidations are therefore limited to substitution reactions of hydrogen atoms that are bound to tertiary, allylic, or ben-zylic carbon atoms. An example can be found in Figure 1.27. Unintentional autoxidations can unfortunately occur at the O—Cprtm—H of ethers such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF) (Figure 1.28). 

Xonon Cool Combustion A catalytic technology that combusts fuel flamelessly. Incorporated inside a gas turbine engine, it reduces the production of oxides of nitrogen to < 3 ppm by volume. Developed by Catalytica Energy Systems, CA. First demonstrated in 2002 in cooperation with Kawasaki Gas Turbines-Americas in Sonoma. The development was abandoned in 2006 because of unfavorable gas-turbine market conditions. 

Flameless Cartridge Cases (Ger Amer). Compare with Combustible Cartridge Cases invented in Germany and mentioned in Vol 2, p C78-R... 

Improvements are needed in combustion technologies to improve combustion stability and to reduce the intact of transients, especially on emissions. Greater effort is needed to take advantage of new developments such as flameless oxidation and other advances. 

In 1997, Fina/Badger joined with Shell Technology Ventures, a subsidiary of Shell Oil Company, to develop a reheating technology called Flameless Distributed Combustion (FDC) for application in EB dehydrogena-tion.f ° Flameless Distributed Combustion technology is patented by Shell Oil Company and was originally used as a heat injector for enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons from subterranean formations. 

Flameless Distributed Combustion technology, unlike the Lummus/UOP Smart SM technology, does not directly combust hydrogen from the reaction mixture hence it does not obtain the benefit of a favorable shift in equilibrium. 

---