Combined modes with radiation

The greatest research effort on radiation sensitizers has focused on organic compounds however, platinum complexes conform to the hypotheses for radiation sensitizers since they are electron affinic and react preferentially with the hydrated electron in aqueous solution. Early studies of cisplatin in combination with radiation therapy suggested a synergistic effect in antitumor activity (50,51). Much of the initial data were obtained using cells in tissue culture (52), these data indicated that the potential of cisplatin to inhibit repair of radiation-induced damage to DNA could be an important contributor to the enhanced tumor cell killing seen in vivo by the combination of these two modes of treatment. 

Studies of Other Cytotoxic Agents in Combination with Radiation Therapy Importance of Drug Dose, Schedule, and Mode of Administration Influence of Chemoradiation... 

Combined modes of heat transfer (e.g., combined dielectric or radiation with convection or conduction)... 

In current study a formulation presented for combined conduction-radiation modeling. This formulation has been validated with results of Ozisik solution. He presented a numerical solution for one-dimensional combined conduction-radiation in a slab [10]. Ozisik used normal-expansion mode for radiation modeling that is less cost-effective and hard to be applied on multilayer geometries, but it is more accurate. For comparison we the parametersshould be nondimen-sionalizedas shown in Table 13.1. 

For most practical situations, heat transfer relies on two, or even all three modes occurring together. For such situations, it is inconvenient to analyze each mode separately. Therefore, it is useful to derive an overall heat transfer coefficient that will combine the effect of each mode within a general situation. The heat transfer in moist fabrics takes place through three modes, conduction, radiation, and the process of distillation. With a dry fabric, only conduction and radiation are present. 

In any operation in which a material undergoes a change of phase, provision must be made for the addition or removal of heat to provide For the latent heat of the change of phase plus any other sensible heating or cooling that occurs in the process. Heat may be transferred by any one or a combination of the three modes—conduction, convection, and radiation. The process involving change of phase involves mass transfer simultaneous with heat transfer. 

Contact temperature measurement is based on a sensor or a probe, which is in direct contact with the fluid or material. A basic factor to understand is that in using the contact measurement principle, the result of measurement is the temperature of the measurement sensor itself. In unfavorable situations, the sensor temperature is not necessarily close to the fluid or material temperature, which is the point of interest. The reason for this is that the sensor usually has a heat transfer connection with other surrounding temperatures by radiation, conduction, or convection, or a combination of these. As a consequence, heat flow to or from the sensor will influence the sensor temperature. The sensor temperature will stabilize to a level different from the measured medium temperature. The expressions radiation error and conduction error relate to the mode of heat transfer involved. Careful planning of the measurements will assist in avoiding these errors. 

In practical application, Raman sensors exclusively use frequency-stabilised laser sources to compensate for the low intensity of the Raman radiation. For Raman sensors, prevalently compact high-intensity external cavity laser diodes are used, operated in CW (continuous wave) mode. These diode lasers combine high intensity with the spectral stability required for Raman applications and are commercially available at various wavelengths. 

Photons in quantum optical cavities also constitute excellent qubit candidates [52]. Resonant coupling of atoms with a single mode of the radiation field was experimentally achieved 25 years ago [53], and eventually the coherent coupling of quantum optical cavities with atoms or (simple) molecules was suggested as a means to achieve stable quantum memories in a hybrid quantum processor [54]. There might be a role to play for molecular spin qubits in this kind of hybrid quantum devices that combine solid-state with flying qubits. 

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