Coloring materials, additives

The combined crude material is crystallized from 75 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol, and yields 37-39 g. of slightly colored material, m.p. 123-124°. A second crystallization from alcohol gives 34-36 g. of colorless product melting at the same temperature. By the systematic working of the alcoholic mother liquors, an additional 5-6 g. of pure material is obtained, making the total yield 40-41 g. (57-58 per cent of the theoretical amount). 

Colorless triarylmethane leuco materials 8 can be converted to carbon-ium ion (9)-colored materials, either by hydride abstraction or by chemical or photooxidation. In addition, some leuco compounds such as 11 can be converted to colored materials by treatment with an acid. The latter case is similar to the chemistry observed for fluoran (see Chapter 6) or phthalide (see Chapter 4) leuco compounds (Scheme 1). 

An additional 5-8 g. of slightly colored material can be secured by neutralizing the aqueous solution with 200 g. of sodium carbonate, extracting with 500 ml. of ether, and distilling. The total yield of distilled product then amounts to 125-130 g. (95-97%). 

Color measuring instruments, 7 323-326 Color-order systems, 7 308-311, 325-326 Color perception, 7 303-304 Color photographic products, 19 197 Color photography, 19 231-272. See also Chromogenic materials additive, 19 284 additive mixing in, 19 240-241 dye stability in, 19 263... 

The OH can react with catechol, by hydrogen abstraction or addition to the aromatic ring, to produce the resonance-stabilized radical The latter could couple with other catechol molecules or oxygen to eventually form polymerized, highly colored materials, according to the scheme proposed for phenol by Voudrias (90) (Figure 6). 

The visual appearance and optical properties of a material depend on its color and additives, etc., as well as on the nature of its surface. Gloss is a term employed to describe the surface character of a material which is responsible for luster or shine, i.e., surface reflection of a polymeric material. 

Other contaminants that can originate from plastic containers are the additives necessary to turn the raw polymer into adequate containers. While PE may be used without any additive, the other plastics are virtually useless alone but are converted into highly serviceable products by combining them with other substances or materials. The additives most commonly found in plastics used for pharmaceutical products are antioxidants, heat stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, fillers, and colorants. These additives can be in liquid, solid, or fine particle forms and are used in amounts varying from less than 1% to more than 50% of the plastic mass. The additives necessary for each of the selected types of polymers are described in Table 23. 

Naturally occurring coloring material obtained by this means could be added to orange juice without any adulteration being considered a color addition (69 ). None of the color concentrates are presently being used in orange juice. 

Additional Methods of Analysis. The use of radiocarbon dating where sufficient sample is available to permit adequate confidence in the date obtained is not precluded by the caution above. It is essential, however, that radiocarbon dates be obtained only for the proteinaceous or cellulosic substrate with care taken to exclude contaminants and coloring materials. Note should be made of the possibility of the introduction of lubrication materials in the conservation of brittle textiles. 

Color Concentrate A colorant system where colorants and additives are compounded into a binder material. These can be in the form of pellets, coarse powders, granules, liquids, or pastes. 

This chapter is designed to provide a basic understanding of the synthetic resin (plastics) processing that is necessary to improve or alter the properties of various synthetic resin materials so these resins may be turned into more desirable and useful consumer products. It also discusses the health, safety, and environmental issues associated with the industrial processes used to formulate colorant and additive products. 

Companies will custom formulate colorant and additive products designed to be used by plastic molders, who will, in turn, produce the final consumer products. The raw materials for colorant and additive products may be in powder, liquid, or solid form. The products formulated from them may also be in powder, liquid, or solid form. Dry color formulations (powder form) currently comprise less than 5% of the total colorant and additive products being produced today. Liquid formulations account for another 5% however, this form of product is increasing in popularity and is expected to capture a larger share of the colorant and additives market in the near future. The solid form, known as concentrates or masterbatch products, are concentrated ingredients encapsulated in a carrier resin that is usually in pellet form. This type of product comprises the overwhelming majority of the formulated products used by molders and compounders today. A discussion of the basic production processes associated with the production of the various colorant and additive product types is presented below. 

Unlike dry color or additive formulations that require the use of powdered raw materials, formulation of pelletized color and additive concentrate products may... 

Liquid colorant and additive product formulation may involve both powdered and liquid ingredients. All dry constituents are generally manually weighed out in the same manner as for the products described above. However, proportioning of liquid raw materials requires the use of volumetric measurement methods. 

The average waste oil generation from the colorant and additive process is approximately 200gal (4 drums) per year per facility. This material is sent to a qualified recycling facility where it is blended into fuel for energy recovery. 

The raw materials associated with the production of colorant and additive products are relatively costly and are ruined if they contact storm water. Final colorant and additive products are even more expensive. Therefore, except in the case of accidental spill while shipping or receiving, these materials are never stored in exposed positions. However, many states define significant storm water contact to include potential air emissions and require colorant and additive production facilities to participate in storm water monitoring programs. 

The desired bottles then proceed to the grinder and the washing machine. The ground plastic is washed to remove product and labels. The paper labels sink and the HD PE is floated off the top and conveyed to a drier. Contaminants such as glass and metals also sink and are discarded with the paper labels. After the material is dry, it can be boxed or extruded and pelletized. Color or additives can be added to the resin prior to extrusion if necessary. 

Significant variation of the ultimate mechanical properties of poly(hexamethylene sehacate), HMS, is possible by con-trol of thermal history without significant variation of percent crystallinity. Both banded and unbanded spherulite morphology samples obtained by crystallization at 52°C and 60°C respectively fracture in a brittle fashion at a strain of r O.Ol in./in. An ice-water-quenched specimen does not fracture after a strain of 1.40 in./in. The difference in deformation behavior is interpreted as variation of the population of tie molecules or tie fibrils and variation of crystalline morphological dimensions. The deformation process transforms the appearance of the quenched sample from a creamy white opaque color to a translucent material. Additional experiments are suggested which should define the morphological characteristics that result in variation of the mechanical properties from ductile to brittle behavior. 

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