Colorimetric detection, with

HPLC with fluorimetric detection (Aex = 327 nm, Aem = 398 nm) TLC with colorimetric detection with p-di-methylamino-benzalde-hyde and HC1 GC-CIMS with methane as the reactant gas, mass range 100 and 600 amu. 

Add 100 ml of wash buffer and incubate at room temperature for 10 min with continuous gentle swirling. Pour out the wash solution and repeat step 7 two more times. If you will be using colorimetric detection with a precipitating HRP substrate, proceed to the section entitled Colorimetric Detection of HRP. ... 

Individual dissolved monosaccharides have been determined after desalting of the sample by ion-exchange membrane electrodialysis followed by evaporative concentration and ion-exchange LC using colorimetric detection with Cu -aspartic acid-disodium-2,2 bic-inchoninate. More recently a number of papers have described the use of anion-based LC with pulsed am-perometric detection for individual monosaccharide analysis though it has been noted that temperature control of the system is particularly important. 

Because of the time and expense involved, biological assays are used primarily for research purposes. The first chemical method for assaying L-ascorbic acid was the titration with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol solution (76). This method is not appHcable in the presence of a variety of interfering substances, eg, reduced metal ions, sulfites, tannins, or colored dyes. This 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol method and other chemical and physiochemical methods are based on the reducing character of L-ascorbic acid (77). Colorimetric reactions with metal ions as weU as other redox systems, eg, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), methylene blue, chloramine, etc, have been used for the assay, but they are unspecific because of interferences from a large number of reducing substances contained in foods and natural products (78). These methods have been used extensively in fish research (79). A specific photometric method for the assay of vitamin C in biological samples is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (80). In the microfluorometric method, ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the presence of charcoal. The oxidized form is reacted with o-phenylenediamine to produce a fluorescent compound that is detected with an excitation maximum of ca 350 nm and an emission maximum of ca 430 nm (81). 

CMC-2, HW-55(S) Fractogel TSK E. Merck, Darmstadt, pH 5, 0.02% NaN3 0.05 MNa2S04,0.05 M NaAcetate Orcinol-H2S04, post-column with colorimetric detection (X= 420 nm)... 

Gurtu, V., Kain, S. R. and Zhang, G. (1997). Fluorometric and colorimetric detection of caspase activity associated with apoptosis. Anal. Biochem. 251, 98-102. 

Human embryo lung fibroblasts infected with a reference laboratory strain of herpes simplex virus (HS V) type 2 were used to detect antibody to HSV type 2 in serum samples. After treatment of cells with serial dilutions of sera, HRP-labeled immunoglobulins to human IgG (class G immunoglobulins) were added and detected with CL substrate [36], In both cases a sharp detection of the specific antibodies was achieved with chemiluminescent assays, which proved more sensitive than the colorimetric immunoperoxidase assays. 

In conclusion, CL ISH has proved more sensitive than ISH followed by colorimetric detection and can be as sensitive as ISH using radioactive labels [31, 32, 64, 65], When compared with fluorometric detection, CL showed an improved signal-to-noise ratio, thus a higher specific detectability furthermore, once standardized, it provided more precise and accurate quantitative results. 

Water and waste water (APHA Method 4500-CN M) Filtration of sample optional treatment with resin treatment with ferric nitrate solution Colorimetric detection (thiocyanate) No data 71-99, 0.07-1.42 mg/L APHA 1992... 

Waste or leachate (EPA Method 901OA) Reflux-distillation of acidified sample absorption of released HCN in NaOH treatment with AgNOs and an indicator (titrimetric) or chloramine-T/pyridine-barbituric acid (colorimetric) Titrimetric or colorimetric detection (total and amenable cyanide) 0.1-0.2 mg/L titrimetric) 0.02 mg/L (colorimetric) (Titrimetric) 94-99 (total cyanide), 87-97 (amenable cyanide) EPA1992d... 

Solid waste or oil waste (EPA Method 9013) Extraction of solid component with water at pH >10 and hexane Titrimetric or colorimetric detection (soluble cyanides) No data 60-90 (solid) 88-92 (oil) EPA1992e... 

Fig. 8 (top) Liposome with polydiacetylene linked monolayer mixed with ligand for receptor detection. (bottom) Colorimetric detection of influenza virus using polymerized liposomes to which have been added increasing amounts of influenza virus from left to right. [18]... 

Reichert A, Nagy JO, Spevak W, Charych D (1995) Polydiacetylene liposomes functionalized with sialic-acid bind and colorimetrically detect influenza-virus. J Am Chem Soc 117 829-830... 

CFA with ISE detection has been applied to determinations with enzyme electrodes [81]. It has been shown [115] that potentiometric detection with ISEs is superior to colorimetric detection in its simpler methodology, high selectivity, a wide linear dynamic range, and insensitivity to solution colouration... 

We (K1) attempted to develop a noncompetitive assay based on the anti-idiotype antibodies for a conjugated bile acid metabolite, ursodeoxycholic acid 7-A-acetyl-glucosaminide (UDCA 7-NAG), which is expected to serve as a diagnostic index for an autoimmune disease, primary biliary cirrhosis. In our assay, the hapten UDCA 7-NAG, a /3-type antibody, and a biotin-labeled a-type antibody were simultaneously added to a microtiter plate coated with an F(ab )2 fragment of a specific anti-UDCA 7-NAG antibody, then incubated at room temperature for 8 h. Bound biotin was then detected with HRP-labeled streptavidin, whose enzyme activity was measured using o-phenylenediamine/H202 as a substrate. This noncompetitive assay system provided a subfemtomole-order sensitivity (detection limit 118 amol) that was 7 times lower than the competitive immunoassay using the same anti-hapten antibody (K2), even with a common colorimetric detection (Fig. 13). Somewhat improved specificity was also obtained namely, better... 

Guo CX, Boullanger P, Liu T, Jiang L. Size effect of polydiacetylene vesicles functionalized with glycolipids on their colorimetric detection ability. J Phys Chem B Condens Matter Mater Surf Interfaces Biophys 2005 109 18765-18771. 

Su YL, Li JR, Jiang L, Cao J. Biosensor signal amphfication of vesicles functionalized with glycolipid for colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005 284 114-119. 

A spectroelectrochemical sensor has been developed for the bromide monitoring in industrial brine samples [154]. The bromide is oxidized to bromine and a sensitive colorimetric reaction with chloramine-T is employed for detection with a fiber-optic device. 

The S P R of Au N Ps has also been applied to nanobiotechnology and Au N Ps probes can be used for the colorimetric detection of oligonucleotides [185], polynucleotides with single base imperfections [186], antigens [187] or adenosine [188]. 

In 1976, Marion Bradford introduced the first Coomassie dye-based reagent for the rapid colorimetric detection and quantitation of total protein. The Coomassie dye (Bradford) protein assay reagents have the advantage of being compatible with most salts, solvents, buffers, thiols, reducing substances, and metal chelating agents encountered in protein samples. 

An alternative approach, which additionally favors the separation of sugars from interfering compounds, is the precolumn formation of the derivatives in this case trace sugar detection is sometimes possible, as nmol or pmol orders are approached. Examples include the use of dan-sylhydrazine (with either fluorimetric or colorimetric detection) (39) and l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (UV absorption or electrochemical detection) (40). 

---