Colorants, food synthetic organic colors

Color Additives. The FDA has created a unique classification and strict limitations on color additives (see also CoLORANTS FOR FOOD, DRUGS, COSMETICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES). Certified color additives are synthetic organic dyes that ate described in an approved color additive petition. Each manufactured lot of a certified dye must be analyzed and certified by the EDA prior to usage. Color lakes are pigments (qv) that consist of an insoluble metallic salt of a certified color additive deposited on an inert substrate. Lakes are subject to the color additive regulations of the EDA and must be certified by EDA prior to use. Noncertifted color additives requite an approved color additive petition, but individual batches need not be EDA certified prior to use. 

J Coulson. Synthetic organic colors for food. In J Walfoid, ed. Development of Food Colors—1. London Applied Science, 1980, pp 47-94. 

The synthetic color industry dates back to the accidental discovery of the first synthetic organic dye (mauve) in 1856. Sir William Henry Perkin, in an unsuccessful attempt to synthesize quinine, succeeded in obtaining a violet dye by the oxidation of aniline. This led other scientists to experiment and discover many new colors with superior properties to the natural pigments and extracts. The use of these new and different colors in foods, drugs, and cosmetics began almost immediately because of their tinctorial value, stability, and the many shades in which they were available. 

Iron oxides are widely used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical applications as colorants and UV absorbers. As inorganic colorants they are becoming of increasing importance as a result of the limitations affecting some synthetic organic dyestuffs. However, iron oxides also have restrictions in some countries on the quantities that may be consumed and technically their use is restricted because of their limited color range and their abrasiveness. 

The synthetic organic dyes are superior to the natural colorants in consistency of strength, range and brilliance of shade, stability, ease of application, and cost-effectiveness. However, the manner in which synthetic colorants are employed, from a safety viewpoint, has much to be desired. Therefore, regulations were introduced to control the use of these added food colorants. 

Synthetic organic color additives Foods Column chromatography... 

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the agency that approves the use of colorants in food. All color additives required to be listed by the FDA fall into two categories those that are subject to the FDA s certification process and those that are exempt from the certification process. Color additives subject to batch certification are synthetic organic dyes, lakes, or pigments. Color additives exempt from certification generally include those derived from plant or mineral sources. 

The food color additives subject to certification are listed in Table IV. The initials FD C stand for the Food, Drug Cosmetic Act under which these additives are regulated. The food color additives exempt from certification are listed in Table V. Generally, only synthetic organic... 

In the past 20 years, consumers have increasingly considered synthetic colorants undesirable or harmful but they are still used extensively in many food products. Official organizations in the United States and European Union have restricted the use of some synthetic colorants as additives in foods (see Table 7.3.1 in Section 7.3). The list of allowed colorants has been reduced to 21. Section 7.3 also discusses details about their structures. 

A sequential analysis protocol includes three steps (1) extraction in water or other appropriate solvent for the colorant, (2) purification or concentration of the colorant, and (3) separation coupled with detection of the target molecule. Different methods of extracting synthetic colorants from foods have been developed using organic solvents followed by SPE protocols using as adsorption support RP-C18, amino materials, or Amberlite XAD-2. Eor qualitative evaluations, the easiest option for separating colorant molecules from unwanted ingredients found in an extract is SPE on polyamide or wool. 

Synthetic colorants are classified by the FDA as certified color additives and are defined as synthetically produced organic molecules that have their purities checked by the FDA. " A second category, colorants exempt from certification, includes naturally derived (animal, vegetal, mineral) compounds or their synthetic duplicates. Table 7.3.2 presents a summary of synthetic colorants and their utilization as food additives. 

Synthetic dyes are mainly aromatic organic compounds, and they can be classified as cationic (basic dyes), anionic (direct, acid, and reactive dyes), or nonionic (disperse dyes) type [134]. Synthetic dyes are mainly used in the textile industries, but they have many other applications such as in printing, leather, papermaking, drug, and food industries [85]. Total world colorant production is estimated to be... 

The list of everyday products made from organic compounds is very long. It includes drugs, artificial fibers, dyes, artificial colors and flavors, food additives, cosmetics, plastics of all kinds, detergents, synthetic rubber, adhesives, antifreeze, pesticides and herbicides, synthetic fuels, and refrigerants. 

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