Color language

Sulfur compounds are renowned for unpleasant odors beginning with the rotten egg smell of H2S and many are responsible for the off-flavors of various foods. Nevertheless, some sulfur compounds provide the pleasant odors associated with many plants and are also prominent in desirable food flavors. The determination of flavor or aroma is very complex since large numbers of components may be involved both for microorganisms and plants. Many flavor compounds, of course, do not contain sulfur. Much has been and continues to be written. We can only convey an eclectic flavor of the many situations involving sulfur compounds - a tasting menu. The colorful language of experts in aroma and taste bears a close resemblance to that of enophiles. 

Kandinsky s Color-Language ) a lone exception is the 1910 Portrait of Dr. Dumouchel (fig. 2), but the specific inspiration for that is revealed in the next chapter. Worse than the persistent problems of physically mediocre and mentally flaccid technical execution, glaringly apparent even in his early Cubist efforts, Duchamp s juvenilia reveals no original ideas. 

Further, color specifications are set with the same limited attention toward error and predilection in the data collection system.To complicate matters more, the color language used to produce those numbers contributes its own biased error when applied to batch-to-batch control or linear color tolerancing ... 

Because color is three dimensional, the majority of pigment manufactures and their customers have settled on one of two color languages. When one describes batch color control, colorists generally use Hunter or CIE Lab values. Some variations might include CIE LCH lightness, chroma, and hue. 

We can experience very many just noticeable differences (JND s) of color. The JND, also known as the difference threshold or discrimination threshold, is the smallest change in any physical stimulation that can be observed with the unaided senses. There are a number of models and systems to standardize or predict resultant hues from mixtures of colors. Most notable of these are the standards of Ridgeway (1912), Munsell (1929), and various modifications of the Munsell system as found in the ISCC-NBS method of designating colors (Kelly and Judd, 1955), A Universal Color Language (Kelly, 1965) and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) special publication 440, "Color. .. Universal Language and Dictionary of Names" (Kelly and Judd, 1976). There are more than 13000 color names in the NBS Special Publication 440. 

Kelly, K. L. 1965. A universal color language. Color Engineering 3, 16. 

Colorful language was introduced by Shainen to help users remember the methods. The purpose of the procedures is to find the red X or the pink Xs or the pale pink Xs. The red X is the one primary cause with all other possible causes of much lesser importance. If one cause cannot be found, then the two or more that must be considered are called the pink Xs, or the pale pink Xs if they are of lesser importance. 

Dohme expressed his vehemence in more colorful language and partisan vitriol than most, but he represented the majority opinion among manufacturers. 

K. L. KeUy and D. B. Judd, Color. Universal language andDictionayy of Names, NBS Special Publication 440, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C., 1976. 

Objective Evaluation of Color. In recent years a method has been devised and internationally adopted (International Commission on Illumination, I.C.I.) that makes possible objective specification of color in terms of equivalent stimuli. It provides a common language for description of the color of an object illuminated by a standard illuminant and viewed by a standard observer (H). Reflectance spectro-photometric curves, such as those described above, provide the necessary data. The results are expressed in one of two systems the tristimulus system in which the equivalent stimulus is a mixture of three standard primaries, or the heterogeneous-homogeneous system in which the equivalent stimulus is a mixture of light from a standard heterogeneous illuminant and a pure spectrum color (dominant wave-length-purity system). These systems provide a means of expressing the objective time-constant spectrophotometric results in numerical form, more suitable for tabulation and correlation studies. In the application to food work, the necessary experimental data have been obtained with spectrophotometers or certain photoelectric colorimeters. 

In order to design the best form for their needs, users must first define what data they wish to collect and which factors are of the greatest importance. In addition, all the usual factors in form design need to be considered (e.g., size, layout, color, print type, spacing, flow of questions, boxes, language, and instructions). A pilot to test the form should be carried out before formal introduction and use. 

The word monochromator is derived from the Latin language, mono meaning one and chromo meaning color. It is a device more sophisticated than an absorption filter that isolates the narrow band of wavelengths from visible and ultraviolet sources. 

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