Collection and evaluation of data

With the Industrial Revolution, life became more complex but it was not until World War II that reliability engineering was needed to keep the complex airplanes, tanks, vehicles and ships operating. Of particular concern was the reliability of radar. Prior to this time equipment was known qualitatively to be reliable or unreliable. To quantify reliability requires collecting statistics on part failures in order to calculate the mean time to failure and the mean time to repair. Since then, NASA and the military has included reliability specifications in procurements thereby sustaining the collection and evaluation of data build statistical accuracy although it adds to the cost. 

A validated manufacturing process is one which has been proved to do what it purports or is represented to do. The proof of validation is obtained through the collection and evaluation of data, preferably, beginning from the process development phase and continuing through the production phase. Validation necessarily includes process qualification (the qualification of materials, equipment, systems, buildings, personnel), but it also includes the control on the entire process for repeated batches or runs. 

Figure 19.1 shows an example of a complex computer system that includes computerized analytical instruments for the collection and evaluation of data, servers for data review and centralized archiving, and a laboratory management system. 

Because of its importance in both combustion and atmospheric chemistry, the OH radical has received most attention. Atkinson [65] has produced an extremely comprehensive collection and evaluation of data on OH reactions aimed mainly at atmospheric modelling but evaluating data at higher temperatures as well. Other evaluations of the reactions of OH with alkanes are those of Cohen and Westberg [29], Baulch et al. [66], and, more recently, Cohen s revision of his earlier evaluations [44]. As indicated in Section 3.3 a number of semi-empirical formulae have been derived to predict the rate constants of such reactions. 

Validation The collection and evaluation of data needed to obtain sufficient evidence that a process will always furnish the intended results... 

Hopley D. (1986) Beachrock as a sea-level indicator, 157-173. In Sea-level Research A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data (ed. O. van de Plassche). Geo Books, Norwich. 

Pavlides S, Caputo R (2004) Magnitude versus faults surface parameters quantitative relationships from the Aegean. Tectonophysics 380(3-4) 159-188 Pirazzoli PA (1986) Marine notches. In van de Plassche O (ed) Sea-level research a manual for the collection and evaluation of data. Geo Books, Norwich, pp 361 00... 

Our research design, shown in Fig. 13.1, followed the typical action research cycle as proposed by Ferrance (2000) which involves the following five phases (1) Identification of problem area, (2) Collection and organisation of data, (3) Interpretation of data, (4) Action based on data and (5) Refiection and evaluation of results. Finally, the results are used in a new cycle of research. 

The possibility of automatic collection and evaluation of thermoanalytical data should be mentioned here in connection with the thermogravimetric vapor pressure measurements. Principally, any desired quantitative evaluation procedure in thermal... 

The final major continuing project is the Solubility Data Project, which is sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The project has been underway for several years, and the results are appearing as a series of volumes of the "Solubility Data Series". The collection, compilation, and evaluation of data are being carried out by a large staff of experts in each area on a world-wide basis. The first eight volumes have been announced for 1979. References (67, 68, 69, and 70) are scheduled for publication in 1979 and 1980. Dr. A. S. Kertes of Israel is editor-in-chief of the series. 

Dorn HR Some applications of biometry in the collection and evaluation of medical data. / Chronic Dis 1955 1 638-69. 

Davis and Somorjai collected and evaluated kinetic data from more than 150 papers on the HC reactions (181) and their survey shows more of such differences (see cyclopentane versus pentane on Rh) which are not easy to rationalize. However, when one considers what has been said above [effects (l)-(4) of "carbon layers], the following hypothesis emerges The differences among the data of different authors are due to the differences in the structure of the "carbon layer on their metal surface. This idea is supported by the following information. 

The best-known uses of computers in chemistry rely on floating point computation. Numerical quantum chemistry, chemometrics and the collection and evaluation of experimental data, e.g. in X-ray crystallography, modern spectroscopy (advanced NMR, MS, IR) and chemical dynamics are major areas where floating point computation is indispensable. 

RD Venn. Experience with the collection and evaluation of drug adverse reaction data. In The Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Drug Toxicity. Vol. 10. Excerpta Medica Amsterdam Foundation, 1969. 

Mathematics is omnipresent in physics, and in physics all theories have a strong mathematical aspect. The collection and evaluation of experimental data of well-defined systems belong to the prevalent activities of physicists, who generally require that their theories are suitable for the quantitative interpretation and prediction of the numerical results of observations. 

Focused or targeted medication use evaluation follows a reasonably well-established cycle identification of a potential problem in the use of a specific drug or therapy, collection and comparison of data, determination of compliance with a pre-established guideline/expectation, and action as needed to improve discrepancies between expected and measured results. This type of medication use evaluation provides an excellent opportunity to apply the Shewhart cycle for continuous quality improvement (Figure 26.3). Focused medication use projects are typically selected for a specific reason. Table 26.4 lists reasons to consider drugs for focused evaluation projects. 

Although traditional medicines continue to be discovered and developed, the fields of biotechnology and gene therapy continue to advance. In addition, new methods to collect and evaluate clinical data on a real-time basis will help to speed the development process. 

The Network of Information Evaluation Centres of the Pharmaco-depen-dencies is assigned to the collection and evaluation of clinical data concerning misuse and dependency with psychoactive medicines zmd informing the professionals involved. 

An increasing number of infectious diseases pharmacists have found a career in the pharmaceutical industry. Some initially take positions in pharmaceutical sales. Others may be hired as research associates, where they assist in the collection and analysis of data for clinical studies. More often, they are hired as medical science liaisons. These individuals interact with physician and pharmacist practitioners, where they provide drug information, grant support for research and educational efforts, assist in medication use evaluations, and give in-services to medical and pharmacy staff. 

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