Collapse structure

If gluten is too loosely distributed in the matrix, then the dough will collapse (structure-property relation)... 

Many more structure determinations of CaM-binding peptides have been carried out. For instance, the NMR structure determined by Ikura and co-workers for a CaM/CaMKK (from rat) complex (PDB ICKK) shows a calmodulin collapsed structure similar to those of CaM/smMLCK, CaM/ skMLCK, and CaM/CaMKIIa with the rCaMKK peptide cradled between calmodulin s C- and N-terminal domains. However, two features are different for CaM/rCaMKK. The first is that the peptide is bound in an inverted position compared to the others—that is, the N-terminal end of the rCaMKK peptide binds to CaM s N-terminal end and the C-terminal end binds to the C-terminal end rather than vice versa. This factor appears related to the clusters of basic residues on the target enzyme binding peptide—that is, when the... 

A comparison between experiment and theory suggests that they nucleate and penetrate from the surface to a depth of 300 A in 35 s. Based on careful analyses of b as previously described, a model for a collapsed disc of vacancies leading to a collapsed structure on (120) plane emerges for the formation CS plane defects and this is shown in figure 3.6(a). Figure 3.6(h) shows the projection of the structure on to (001) (Bursill 1969). A pair of weakly bound oxygen-vacancies... 

Typically results in steep-sided vertical collapse structures (crown holes), approximately circular in plan and ranging front 0.5 m to more than 50 m diameter... 

A careful study by McDermott and co-workers of the high-K+ and low-K+ states of the KcsA channel has focused exclusively on the selectivity filter.101 They discovered that low K+ also induces the "non-con-ductive" or "collapsed" structure of the selectivity filter at neutral pH, but only if the sample remains well hydrated this state is lost if the bulk buffer is removed from the NMR rotor after spinning. Comparison of the measured chemical shifts with predictions by the SHIFTX and SPARTA programs identified the crystal structures that are most consistent with the selectivity filter conformations in the high-K+ and low-K+ proteolipo-some samples. Titrations of the chemical shift changes were used to measure site-specific affinities for K+. Based on the slow exchange rate between these conformations (<500 s 1), the authors suggest that the low-K+ conformation is relevant to channel inactivation rather than to conduction.101... 

Fig. 5 Synthesis of PVME particles by irradiation of phase-separated solutions. Above the phase transition temperature Tc, the polymer chains collapse to globular aggregates. The collapsed structures are fixed by electron beam irradiation to yield temperature-sensitive microgel particles...

Crick SL, Jayaraman M, Frieden C, Wetzel R, Pappu RV. Huorescence correlation spectroscopy shows that monomeric polyglutamine molecules form collapsed structures in aqueous solutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006 103 16764-16769. 

One of the major problems associated with bubble media is the ability to generate well-defined, well-structured deformations. Distorted, cracked, and collapsed structures adversely affect performance, and uncertainty arises in whether adequate control over the bubble-forming process can be achieved. 

Mineralised breccia pipes occur in Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks of the Colorado Plateau in northern Arizona (Weinrich, 1985). These pipes are usually circular or oval at suboutcrop, have horizontal dimensions that are typically a few tens of metres and vertical dimensions that may extend to 1000 m. They appear to have developed over solution-collapse structures resulting from karstic weathering of Lower Mississippian carbonate sediments between the Upper Mississippian and Triassic. The mineralisation, comprising pitchblende and sulphides of Fe, Cu, Mo, Pb and Zn, is found beneath a massive pyrite cap, several hundreds of metres below surface. Some of the ore bodies are, or have been, mined for uranium. Gangue minerals include calcite and dolomite. 

Faults which cut through alluvial, fluvial and deltaic sediments have been included in this study. While some of the faults are synsedimentary and interpreted as delta collapse structures (Dart et al., 1994), most focus in this paper is given to faults which affected the sediments some time after deposition. These structures relate to large, block bounding faults with throws up to 100 m, whose origin is related to the NNE-SSW trending extensional regime still active in this area. Faults dominantly trend WNW-ESE and exhibit dip-slip towards north. 

Delta collapse structures which occurred in a similar sedimentological setting to those described for Kvalvagen show intraformational terminations and growth within sequences. The faults are characterized by clay smear and sand mobilization, generating dikes with fault parallel laminae. These sediments, which were deposited in marine environments, col-... 

The oleyl lecithin molecule was spread on water to give collapsed structures. The AFM image was taken of these films after transfer to HOPG (Figure 15.5). The vesicle-like structure is clearly visible. 

With the help of NMR measurement, it has been shown that the Ca2+/calmodulin complex has a flexible structure. Flexibility is probably of great importance for the function of Ca2+/calmodulin. Structural information on Ca2+/calmodulin bound to substrates is only available for peptides derived from target proteins. In the complex with peptide substrates (Fig. 6.13), Ca2+/calmodulin has a collapsed structure in which the two globular domains are much closer together than in free Ca2+/calmodulin, and it wraps around and sequesters the helical calmodulin-binding peptides. 

Finally, one might expect that sample D could already have started to react with CaO at 1000 C and make the corresponding Ca aluminosilicate, even if the mesoporous structure is partly destroyed. However, the dye/Ca ratio in this sample is still close to 2, which suggests that when the Ca silicate islands are generated within the collapsed structure, they stay well dispersed so as to be able to still interact with 2 dye molecules. This can occur not only because their basic character is maintained (although a Ca silicate type phase should have a different basic strength than CaO), but mainly because such interaction is probably still possible on a sterical point of view. 

Figure 1 Examples of different morphologies, surface textures and sediment cover on lava flows on the northern East Pacific Rise. Digital images were taken from heights of 5-1 Om above the seafloor using the Woods Hole Oceanographic Instution s camera system. The dimensions of the photographs are approximately 4.5 m x 3.0 m. (A) Pillow lava. (B) Hackly or scrambled flow. (C) Lobate lava. (D) Lineated sheet flow. (E) Ropy sheet flow. (F) Collapse structure in lobate flows. (G) A young flow contact on top of older flows. (H) Heavily sediment covered lobate flows with small fissure. Images from Kuras etal. 2000.

The similar dependence of S on A/ for polystyrene solutes (46) can be explained by the use of a poor-solvent mot e phase (THF/water mixtures), with a resulting tendency of the polystyrene molecuks to assume a more collapsed structure. In either case (proteins or polystyrenes), the solute molecule appears to resist complete unfolding in sorM state. In... 

Seismic Reflection seismic methods can be used to create images of the geologic changes and some of the above discussed anomalies. 2D and 3D seismic surveys are highly effective subsurface analytical tools for potash exploration used in the identification and estimation of the degree of salt loss, salt dissolution-induced collapse structures, and the identification of other geological elements. These seismic programs can help complete a picture of the subsurface that should enhance the ability of the exploration team to successfully select well locations. 

Efforts to assist search-and-rescue teams in locating people buried under collapsed structures by using handheld IMS instruments have been proposed. One study focused on detection of VOCs anitted in expired air of fasting monks in Greece, with the objective to simulate the breath exhaled by people who could be trapped under collapsed buildings in an event such as an earthquake indeed, a 30-fold increase in acetone level was found using a portable GC-IMS. In another study, the objective was to detect vapors emanating from human urine, mainly acetone, to indicate the presence of people under debris. ... 

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