Cognitive performance behavior

Iron deficiency is considered as the most common nutritional disorder worldwide, which results mainly from excessive bleeding (Deegan et al., 2005 Puntarulo, 2005), but partly can be induced also by plant-based diets of vegans, which contains less bioavailable Fe (Martinez-Navarrete et ah, 2002). Iron deficiency adversely affects the cognitive performance, behavior, physical growth, the immune status, and morbidity from infections of all age groups. Iron-deficient hiunans have impaired gastrointestinal functions and altered patterns of hormone production and metabolism (Walker, 1998 WHO, 2001). 

Scholey AB, Moss MC, Neave N and Wesnes KA (1999). Cognitive performance, hyperoxia and heart rate following oxygen administration in healthy young adults. Physiology and Behavior, 67, 783-789. 

Kennedy DO and Scholey AB (2003). Ginseng Potential in the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 687-700. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NTJ, Perry EK and Wesnes KA (2002b) Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 72, 953-964. 

Ketchum JS, Kysor KP A model for predicting the effect of anticholinergic compounds on cognitive performance. In Berdjis, C (ed.) Proceedings of a Contractors Conference on Behavioral Sciences. Edgewood Arsenal Special Puhlication No. 100-11,... 

Kupietz, S.S., Winsberg, B.G., Richardson, E., Maitinsky, S., and Mendell, N. (1988) Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading-disabled children I. Behavior and cognitive performance effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27 70-77. 

More research has been done on pharmacotherapy of ADHD in children and adolescents with MR than for other disorders. Reviews by Aman (1996), Arnold et al. (1998), and Handen (1993) summarize the psychostimulant research (methylphenidate, amphetamine, and magnesium pemoline). Of the 10 or more group studies of methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD and MR/ DD since 1980, all but one were positive and statistically significant. They showed substantial benefit for motor overflow, attention span, and impulsiveness. Improvements were also seen in cognitive performance, some measures of social behavior, and independent play. The sole negative study was of adolescents and adults without ADHD, most of them with profound MR (see Aman, 1996). No studies of mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) or magnesium pemoline (Cylert) were found for this population (Arnold et al., 1998). 

In a study of age-associated memory impairment [Crook and Lakin 1991), using a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and three doses of ondansetron (10, 250, or 1,000 pg po bid), patients were treated for 12 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period, with assessments being made at the initiation of, during, and at the termination of treatment. Behavioral rating scales and a computerized battery of tests related to learning and memory tasks of daily life were used to assess changes in cognitive performance. Ondansetron caused dose-related effects to enhance acquisition, name-face associa-... 

The small but statistically significant effect seen in the amphetamine group on the WISC-R was probably a real finding, i.e. not an artifact of retesting. Overall, this study shows that the positive clinical effects of amphetamine on behavioral symptoms and cognitive performance are maintained after 15 months of treatment. 

The role of borates in behavioral disorders and cognitive performance... 

The principal nonpharmacological countermeasures that have been shown to have consistent beneficial effects on cognitive performance are (a) napping (36,37 see also Chap. 22), and (b) behavioral measures to protect sleep. 

Female sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone, have several potent actions in the brain. Thus, they presumably do not only regulate reproductive behaviors but also control a multitude of brain functions, including sleep, cognitive performance, mood, movement co-ordination and pain [27-29],... 

The first experiment to disprove Bradley s theory of the paradoxical or reverse effect was conducted in 1980 by Judy Rapoport and her colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Under well-controlled conditions, they surveyed the cognitive and behavioral effects of stimulants on both hyperactive and non-hyperactive children. Their results showed that both groups performed better when taking stimulants. In other words, the researchers... 

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