Coffee rust

Pyracarbolid acts against rust fungi and is important in the control of coffee rust. 

Tin is soft and it does not rust. It is used to coat steel in tin cans, watch parts, coffee pots, and surgical tools to protect the articles from rusting. 

The coffee trees in the world are subject to a large number of diseases (2-4, 8, 73, 92) lists range up to 60 and more, and yet the disease possibilities do not always disturb plantation owners. Occasionally, as where the leaf rust attacks, or where koleroga (black rot) is serious, growers are on the lookout for diseases and are anxious about their future. There are local places where diseases are apparently more benign than in others, and this tends to dull the worry about disease losses in a country. 

Practically all the coffee planted commercially comes from seed, except in the rather limited Robusta-growing region of Java where grafted plants are used. Coffee seeds are planted in seedbeds and are treated in about the same way all over the tropics. The mature and apparently healthy fruits are selected and the seeds are pressed out, washed and dried in the shade, and planted rather soon, because coffee seed viability is lost within a comparatively short while. Handled in this manner, the chances are lessened that coffee diseases will be carried by seeds. However, it has been proved experimentally that infected plants can be produced from seeds contaminated with both the coffee Colletotrichum and the coffee Cercospora from either field material or artificial inoculation. This contamination is probably not uncommon in plantation practice and thus far it is not of extreme importance. The Hemileia rust is probably not carried on the seed (93). The American leaf spot is not carried on seed (97). 

The rust of coffee (Hemileia vastatrix B. and Br.) is the most dangerous, most feared, and most troublesome disease of the crop in the world. It does not occur in the Western Hemisphere at present, but it is found in all of the most important Eastern Hemisphere coffee countries and is serious in about 20 of them. It has always been most severe on common commercial varieties of the Arabian coffee. It occurs on other species, such as the Canephora or Robusta, and has always been present on it although in less intensive amounts—for example, in Uganda (70) and in many other countries (93, 99, 103). It also attacks the Dewevrei or Liberica coffee, but the injury is of comparatively minor degree. 

In south India, losses have been about 70% of the crop annually, but spraying with Bordeaux mixture (48, 75) increases yields 50 or 70 up to 100% over attacked but unsprayed crops. In Uganda and in several other nearby countries (70, 102) losses are estimated at 30% of the crop each year. There is a total of nearly 3,000,000 acres of coffee in countries where the rust exists in over a third of the acreage the crop should be sprayed for rust from two to three times each yeav. 

Mayne, Thomas, and others (38, 60, 81) have observed in the Orient that active defoliation from coffee leaf rust will leave unhealed places at the points where unseasonably dropped leaves were attached to stems. Into the leaf traces left exposed Colletotrichum and similar weakly parasitic organisms will enter and cause dieback. Many gross observations in the western tropics on chronic deterioration, paralleling... 

In India some of the early work was toward refinement of spraying to control leaf rust and the researchers started their studies with strong Bordeaux sprays. Munro and Sandararaman showed (46) that uncontrolled leaf disease reduced the coffee harvest very seriously, but that although 10-10-50 Bordeaux materially controlled the disease it depressed the fruit crop. With Bordeaux of formulas 5-5-50 or 2 -2 -50, the crop increase was one half to one third more than that produced under 10-10-50 Bordeaux or under no spray. 

Elements and compounds constitute the world of pure substances. An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed by any chemical reaction into simpler substances. Elements are composed of only one type of atom and all atoms of a given type have the same properties. Pure substances cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical process. We are familiar with many pure substances water, iron, mercury, iodine, helium, rust, diamond, table salt, sugar, gypsum, and so forth. Among the pure substances listed above, iron, mercury, iodine, diamond (pure carbon), and helium are elements. We are also familiar with mixtures of pure substances. These include the air that we breathe, milk, molasses, beer, blood, coffee, concrete, egg whites, ice cream, dirt, steel, and so on. 

One of the most important uses of nickel is in making alloys. About 86 percent of the primary nickel used in the United States in 2008 was used to make alloys. About half of that amount went into stainless steel. Stainless steel is common to household appliances (like coffee makers, toasters, and pots and pans), kitchen sink tops and stoves, and medical equipment (X-ray machines, for example). It is also used to make heavy machinery and large containers in which large-scale chemical reactions are carried out. Artists sometimes use stainless steel in sculpture because it does not rust easily. Stainless steel is important to the food and beverage, petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical (drug), pulp and paper, and textile industries. 

Triphenyltin hydroxide (Fentin) and triphenyltin acetate (Brestan) are used to combat potato blight, leaf spot on celery and sugar beet, rice blast, and coffee leaf rust. Tricyclo-hexyltin hydroxide (Plictran), bis(trineophyltin) oxide (Vendex or Torque), and 1-tricyclohexylstannyl-l,2,4-triazole (Peropal) have also been used for the contol of mites on apples, pears, and citrus fruits. 

Common stains are coffee, tea, chocolate, wine, mustard, grass, rust, blood, lipstick, ink, natural organic colorants in general, and food dyes. Tea and coffee are most frequently consumed beverages and their stains are, therefore, common. 

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