Codeine manufacturer

The processes used in the manufacture of morphine are believed to be still based on that described by the Scottish chemist Gregory,in 1833, with improvements devised by Anderson. A description has been published by Schwyzer, who also deals with the manufactme of codeine, narcotine, cotarnine, and the commercially important morphine derivatives, diamorphine (diacetylmorphine), and ethylmorphine (morphine ethyl ether). More recently Barbier has given an account of processes, based on long experience in the preparation of alkaloids from opium. Kanewskaja has described a process for morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine, and the same bases are dealt with by Chemnitius, with the addition of narceine, by Busse and Busse, and by Dott. It is of interest to note that a number of processes for the extraction and separation of opium alkaloids have been protected by patent in Soviet Russia. ... 

Although codeine is manufactured in formulations in which it is the sole active ingredient (codeine phosphate oral... 

The global manufacture of codeine underwent a 22% increase in the 1980s, from 162 tons (147,000 kg) in 1980, to 197 tons (180,000 kg) in 1989. The rate of production increased during the 1990s, with total codeine production reaching 280 tons (255,000 kg) in... 

Codeine is a controlled substance in the United States. Its manufacture and distribution are controlled by... 

Pentazocine (Fortral), manufactured via a modified Grewe synthesis,(61a) behaves pharmacologically in humans like other opiates. At normal doses (30-50 mg parenteral equivalent to 10 mg morphine 50 mg oral, equivalent to 60 mg codeine) it is analgesic, is sedative, and depresses respira-... 

Heinrich Emanuel Merck, intimate friend of Justus von Liebig, and foimder of the first factory of the enterprise, E. Merck, Darmstadt (Germany), had as his main objective the preparation of pure alkaloids. His many achievements included the original commercial manufacture of moiphine (1827), codeine (1836), and cocaine (1862). 

The plant, on the outskirts of Hamburg, began in 1923 as a branch for chemical pharmaceutical production of morphine and codeine. In 1951, production of herbicides began with the manufacture of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and the corresponding isolation of lindane. The inactive isomers from this production were stored on site. 

Eight of the nine patients experienced headache. Onset ranged from 4 to 36 hours, and the mean time of onset was 13.3 10 hours. Duration ranged from 8 to 60 hours, with a mean duration of 30.6 19 hours. The headaches ranged from severe to mild, but usually were mild by the second hospital day. Five individuals headache responded to Darvon (propoxyphene hydrochloride, manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana) or codeine. 

The manufacturer states that nefopam should not be given to patients taking non-selective MAOIs and caution should be used in those taking tricyclic antidepressants, antimuscarinics and sym-pathomimetics. The intensity and incidence of adverse effects are somewhat increased when nefopam is given with codeine, pentazocine or dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene), and the CNS depressant effect of dihydrocodeine may have contributed to a fatal overdose with nefopam. However, a morphine-sparing effect has been reported. Nefopam may also have a synergistic analgesic effect with ketoprofen. 

Izmailov NA, Mushinskaya SKh, Danel yants VA (1963) Paper chromatography for controlling the manufacture of alkaloids from the capsules of oleiferous poppy. II. Determination of morphine and codeine. Med Prom SSSR 17 47-50 Izmailov NA, Mushinskaya SKh, Danel yants VA (1964) Paper chromatography for controlling the manufacture of alkaloids from the capsules of oleiferous poppy. III. Determination of narcotine, thebaine and papaverine. Med Prom SSSR 18 47-51 Khanna KR, Shukla S (1986) HPLC investigation of the inheritance of major opium alkaloids. Planta Med 52 157-158... 

Codeine is by far the most widely used legal opiate in the world. The manufactured tonnage increased to 381 tonnes in 2011, the highest level ever reported. [82]... 

Hydrocodone (trade name in Germany Dicoditfl, though marketing approval has been withdrawn due to addiction risk) is an opioid as well, with a pharmacology that is comparable to codeine. Particularly pronounced is its antitussive activity. Hydrocodone has higher potency than codeine, and is therefore used for moderate to severe pain. It is formed by palladium- or platinum-catalysed double bond isomerisation of codeine. Hydrocodone production has seen an almost constant upward trend over the past 20 years, teaching 56 tonnes in 2011. It is exclusively manufactured in the United States, where it is used in combination products, e.g. with acetaminophen in Vicodin . [82]... 

The Office collected information about the activities of chemical firms during the war. Thanks to its records, we know that production decreased rapidly during the autumn of 1914 at Etablissements Poulenc, except for the production of iodine and arsenobenzol, (drugs for syphilis). Several closed because raw materials or workers disappeared. The main pharmaceutical enterprises had similar difficulties and all of them requested skilled workers. " The Hoffmann La Roche plant was unable to purchase codeine and morphine from Switzerland once the Swiss government prohibited exports. Manufacturers also increased the output of products necessary in wartime, such as camphor and hydrogen peroxide. However, the Societe de Traitement du Quinquina reduced its quinine salt production 12,000 kg instead of its usual 30,000 kg, even though its total production capacity was 40,000 kg. Transport difficulties, the lack of skilled workers, and variations in prices were the main problems. 

Codeine (CAS 76-57-3), 10% ethyl alcohol (irritant reactions possible) (opiate manufacture) (Romaguera and Grimalt 1983 Waclawski and Aldridge 1995) Congo red (CAS 573-58-0), 2% petrolatum (amyloid) (Rietschel and Fowler 1995) 2-Diamino-ethylene-amino-thiazolyl-methylenethio-urea-dichloride, 1% aqua (famotidine synthesis) (Guimaraens et al. 1994)... 

Codein phosphate and hydrochloride caused contact dermatitis in a worker in the production of opium alkaloids. Codeine bitartrate caused contact dermatitis in a worker in the production of concentrated poppy straw. Codeine was a sensitizer in a laboratory worker at an opiate-manufacturing pharmaceutical company, also sensitive to thebaine. 

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic related to codeine and derived from thebaine, an alkaloid found in opium. Although it has been in clinical use since 1917 (first manufactured in Germany), the use of oxycodone for the treatment of acute and chronic pain has grown remarkably in the past decade. 

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