Codeine Ethanol

Dioctyl sulfo-succinate codeine, morphine, monoacetyl-mor-phine, heroin stabilization dipping solution, 20% in ethanol [94]... 

Note Tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds yield stronger colors than primary amines [25]. The dipping solution can also be used as spray solution [44]. Other reagent compositions have also been reported in the literature (1, 3, 6, 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 41] In some cases the reagents have been made up in acetone [38, 39], methanol [14] or ethanol [37] and/or acidified with hydrochloric acid [3, 33, 37-40]. The concentrations of hexachloroplatinic(IV) acid have been in the range of 0.05 -0.4 those of potassium iodide between 0.5 and 24spray solution containing 2% potassium iodide and 0.23170 hexachloroplatinic(IV) acid hexahydrate in N-hydro-chloric acid is reported to yield the best coloration results with respect to detection sensitivity and color differentiation in the detection of morphine, codeine, quinine, methadone and cocaine [46]. Acidic reagent solutions have been recommended for benzodiazepines [10, 11]. Sulfones do not react [39]. 

It takes a lot of ethanol to elute 1 g of codeine. A little ethanol elutes a lot of pseudoephedrine, so we use just enough cold ethanol to remove the pseudoephedrine (the colder the ethanol the better we keep the codeine from mixing in). If the ephedrine is to be reduced it must be purified completely. 

Soaking plants parts in alcohol (ethanol) creates a tincture. In this process, pharmacologically active constituents of the plant are extracted by the alcohol. Tinctures do not contain the complete spectrum of substances that exist in the plant or crude drug, only those that are soluble in alcohol. In the case of opium tincture, these ingredients are alkaloids (i.e., basic substances of plant origin) including morphine, codeine, narcotine = noscapine, papaverine, narceine, and others. 

In fact, small amounts of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, and thebaine, all opiate compounds, have been found in mammalian brain877 878 and have presumably arisen by the same pathway observed in plants (Fig. 25-10). However, there is no cross reactivity between morphine and alcohol in addicted mice,879 and acetaldehyde is probably not the addictive agent. Acetaldehyde is very reactive and may be responsible for much of the damage caused by ethanol.880 At a blood ethanol concentration of 20 mm a person is legally intoxicated, and large amounts of acetaldehyde may be formed and react with many amines, nucleotides, proteins, etc. Ethanol blocks glutamatergic NMDA receptors and... 

Rapaport and Solyanik (168) have developed a rapid method of refractometric determination of 23 mixtures containing anesthesin, barbamyl, bromcamphor, bro-misoval, camphor, antipyrine, amidopyrine, acetalsali-cylic acid, barbital, codeine, salol, terpin hydrate, hexamethylenetetramine, and phenobarbital. The method described is suitable for analysis of pharmaceutical mixtures containing compounds which are insoluble in water and soluble in ethanol. A mixture of 2 pharmaceuticals (0.1 g) is dissolved in 1 ml. ethanol and np of this solution is determined. One component is... 

Bulk TLC Dissolve in ethanol (Same procedure as for codeine phosphate hemihydrate)... 

Wash kinetic/digestion profile of 6-monoacetylmorphine ( ), morphine (A), and codeine (O) in the hair of a heroin user. All samples received an initial wash with dry ethanol ( ). This was followed by washes with phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) and release of remaining drugs by enzymatic digestion. 

Reference Solution. Prepare an ethanolic solution containing 1 mg/ml of each of morphine, codeine, methadone, and cocaine. 

In order to extract the morphine, the opium resin must first be prepared. This is achieved by adding the raw opium to boiling water, in which the alkaloids dissolve, while the insoluble material can be removed while it floats, or is filtered from the solution. To extract the morphine from the processed opium, the latter is placed in a large volume of boiling water and calcium hydroxide added. The water is cooled and the unwanted alkaloids precipitate, while the morphine and some codeine remain in solution. The solution is then re-heated and ammonium chloride (and sometimes ethanol and diethyl ether) added. When the pH reaches 8-9, the... 

To prepare the diamorphine hydrochloride, ethanol, diethyl ether and concentrated HCl are used. The base is dissolved in ethanol and the acid is added. Once all of the drug has been converted to the hydrochloride salt, further alcohol and ether are added. After a few minutes, crystals of heroin hydrochloride form. Further ether is added and the whole system allowed to stand. The solid diamorphine hydrochloride is then ready for packing and shipping. A consequence of all of these processes is that the opiates which may be contained within a heroin sample include diamorphine, 6-0-monoacetylmorphine (7), morphine, codeine and acetylcodeine (8). 

A 37-year-old man with a history of ethanol abuse presented with hepatic failure and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema after an overdose of paracetamol, codeine, ibuprofen, and diazepam. He received two... 

Column uPorasil (300x4 mm ID), mobile phase n-hexane - dichlorometiiane - ethanol - Hi ethyl amine (300 30 40 0.5), flow rate 2.4 ml/min, detection UV 285 nm. Peaks 1, noscapine 2, papaverine 3, thebaine 4, codeine 5, morphine. Chromatogram A Papaver bracteatum extract,... 

Methoxy-4 8-diacetoxyphenanthrene [Lxxxm]. /3-Dimethyl-aminoethanol and [Lxxxm] are formed when i/r-codeinone [lxxxiv] is heated with acetic anhydride, but the main product of this reaction is triacetylthebenine [lxxxv, R = Ac] [89]. i/r-Codeinone methiodide and ethanol at 160° C. give 3-methoxy-4 8-dihydroxyphenanthrene [89-90], which on methylation affords 3 4 8-trimethoxyphenanthrene [90], identical with an authentic specimen prepared in the usual way from 2-nitroveratric aldehyde and 2-methoxyphenylacetic acid [67]. In this way the location of the hydroxyl group in i/r-codeine and allo- -codeine, at C-8, was proved. 

A very different type of reaction is represented by the conjugation of xenobiotic alcohols with fatty acids, yielding highly lipophilic metabolites accumulating in tissues. Thus, ethanol and haloethanols form esters with palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and lin-olenic acid enzymes catalyzing such reactions are cholesteryl ester synthase (EC 3.1.1.13) and fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester synthase (EC 3.1.1.67) (71). Larger xenobiotics such as tet-rahydrocannabinols and codeine are also acy-... 

It has been proposed that the dihydrothebaine formed hy sodium reduction of thebaine (so-called phenolic dihydrothebaine) be renamed dihydrothebaine-

trivial name for an older one does not appear legitimate once a structure is established beyond doubt. We would prefer the term A < >-dehydrothebainol methyl ether for the sodium-ethanol or sodium-ammonia reduction product (CCCLIV), The lithium aluminum hydride reduction product would then be A h4).(jeijy(ji.o< hel3ajnol methyl ether (CCCLV), and the third isomer, obtained by base-catalyzed rearrangement of codeine methyl ether, would be A -dehydrothebainol methyl ether (CCCLVI). 

Noninterfering acetaminophen, acetylmorphine, amiodarone, amobarbital, amphetamine, bendroflumethiazide, benzocaine, benzoylecgonine, benzthiazide, butalbital, carbamaze-pine, chlorothiazide, clonazepam, cocaine, codeine, cotinine, cyclosporine, cyclothiazide, desalkylflurazepam, diamorphine, dicumerol, ephedrine, ethaciynic acid, ethanol, eth-chlorvynol, ethosuximide, furosemide, glutethimide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydroflumethiazide, hydromorphone, lorazepam, mephentermine, meprobamate, meth-amphetamine, metharbital, methoxsalen, methoxyphenteramine, methsuximide, meth-ylcyclothiazide, metoprolol, MHPG, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, normethsuximide, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, phenteramine, phenylephrine, phenytoin, polythiazide, primidone, prochlorperazine, salicylic acid, sulfanilamide, THC-COOH, theophylline, thiazolam, thiopental, thioridazine, tocainide, trichlo-romethiazide, trifluoperazine, valproic acid, warfarin... 

Ikonomovski studied the conditions of the methylation of morphine into codeine by using phenyltrimethylammonium methoxide (521). New developments in photochemistry have also been applied to the morphinane alkaloids the effects of diffuse sunlight or daylight transform codeine in solution (methanol or ethanol) into methylcodeine and ethylmorphine, and thebaine in organic solvents into 3-O-methyl-6-0-ethylmorphine and its 7V-oxide, diethylmorphine, and its -oxide (522). Thebaine was found to yield codeinone (47a) and methylcodeine (45b). 

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