Cobaltate -, silver

Many nonferrous metals can be extracted by reduction smelting, eg, copper, tin, nickel, cobalt, silver, antimony, and bismuth. Blast furnaces are sometimes used for the smelting of copper or tin, but flash and reverberatory furnaces are more common for metals other than lead. 

A slight degree of acceleration can be obtained by introducing traces of metals which are more noble than iron, for example nickel, copper, cobalt, silver and mercury. These metals are deposited electrochemically over the... 

Many heavy metals react with dithiol to give coloured precipitates, e.g. bismuth, iron(III), copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, etc. molybdate and tungstate also react. Of the various interfering elements, only arsenic distils over with the tin when a mixture is distilled from a medium of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated hydrobromic acid in a current of carbon dioxide. If arsenic is present in quantities larger than that of the tin it should be removed. 

Veeh HH, Turekian KK (1968) Cobalt, silver and uranium concentrations of reef building corals in the Pacific Ocean. Limol Oceanogr 13 304-308... 

Luoma, S.N. and E.A. Jenne. 1977. The availability of sediment-bound cobalt, silver, and zinc to a depositfeeding clam. Pages 213-230 in H. Drucker and R.E. Wildung (eds.). Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. ERDA Symposium Series 42. Avail, as CONF-750929 from the Natl. Tech. Inform. Serv., Springfield, VA 22161. 

Other commonly employed redox electrodes are metals such as copper, cobalt, silver, zinc, nickel, and other transition metals. Some p-block metals such as tin, lead and indium can also function as redox electrodes. However, s-block metals such as magnesium do not make good redox electrodes since the elemental metal is reactive and forms a layer of oxide coating, which leads to poor reproducibility, poor electronic conductivity and electrode potentials that are difficult to interpret, (see Section 3.3.1). 

Metals frequently occurring in the state s waste streams include cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, barium, nickel, antimony, beryllium, mercury, vanadium, cobalt, silver, and selenium. These metals are toxic to humans and other organisms, are persistent in the environment, and can bioaccumulate in food chains. They are typically used by businesses in many industrial categories, as shown in Table 2.1-1. 

Fluorine is also used for the manufacture of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for high-voltage insulation and for uranium hexafluoride. Fluorine is used directly or combined with higher metals (cobalt, silver, cerium, etc.) and halogens (chlorine and bromine) for organic fluorinations and the growing production of fluorocarbons. 

Electrorefining in aqueous media is extensively applied for the production of copper, nickel, lead, tin, cobalt, silver, and gold, while in molten salt electrolytes it is practically limited to aluminum. 

Luoma, S. N. and Jenne, E. A. The availability of sediment-bound cobalt, silver and zinc to deposit-feeding clam,... 

Gregus and Klaassen carried out a comparative study of fecal and urinary excretion and tissue distribution of eighteen metals in rats after intravenous injection. Total (fecal + urinary) excretion was relatively rapid (over 50% of the dose in 4 days) for cobalt, silver and manganese between 50 and 20% for copper, thallium, bismuth, lead, cesium, gold, zinc, mercury, selenium and chromium and below 20% for arsenic, cadmium, iron, methylmercury and tin. Feces was the predominant route of excretion for silver, manganese, copper, thallium, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron and methylmercury whereas urine was the predominant route of excretion of cobalt, cesium, gold, selenium, arsenic and tin. Most of the metals reached the highest concentration in liver and kidney. However, there was no... 

A mercury cathode, such as that shown in Figure 22-10, is particularly useful for removing easily reduced elements as a preliminary step in an analysis. For example, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, and cadmium are readily separated at this... 

In alkaline solutions, a ranging from 5.3 to 7.6 was observed for electrodes of iron, nickel, cobalt, silver, and lead, while values ranging from 3.4 to 6.5 were... 

The addition of metals such as cobalt, silver, rare earth metals, or platinum either to the starting pitch (followed by spinning, stabilization, and carbonization) or to the CF, followed by gasification with steam, allows the preparation of ACFs with significant mesoporosity [14-19, 21]. 

Stable structures such as the naturally occurring ferric porphyrin complexes or porphyrins substituted with copper, cobalt, silver or vanadyl probe the active site of heme-containing enzyme [227]. Complexes of copper not associated with heme are also common. They are frequently formed at an amino terminus because the amino group provides a good primary amine donor atom. Two or three amino acid residues beginning at the N-terminus are often flexible until a more rigid portion of the polypeptide, such as the a helix, is encountered. A peptide nitrogen is available to... 

The reduction can be carried out in batches or continuously at about 9,000 psig and 125 C in an ammonia atmosphere, over a cobalt-copper catalyst, in yields of over 90 per cent of theory. A number of other catalysts have been described for this reaction, including Raney nickel, cobalt on silica, and cobalt-silver-magnesium. The starting nitrile must be quite pure to avoid poisoning the catalyst. It is claimed that the presence of carbon monoxide, in addition to hydrogen and ammonia, extends the life of the cobalt catalysts normally used. ... 

Specific legislation relating to batteries includes the Toxic and Dangerous Waste Directive which gives priority consideration to mercury, cadmium and lead. This directive is being replaced by a Directive on Hazardous Waste which specifically includes batteries and other electrical cells. Additional metals to be covered include nickel, cobalt, silver, zinc and lithium. Thus, all commonly used batteries will be covered by this directive. 

The second type of cell is a mercury pool type. A mercury cathode is particularly useful for separating easily reduced elements as a preliminary step in an analysis. l or example, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, and cadmium are readily separated from ions such as aluminum, titanium, the alkali metals, and phosphates. The precipitated elements dissolve in the mercury little hydrogen evolution occurs even at high applied potentials because of large overvoltage effects. A coulomet-ric cell such as that shown in Figure 24-5b is also useful for coulometric determination of metal ions and certain types of organic compounds as well. 

The development and use of steels with low content of trace elements such as cobalt, silver i nd niobium would have known benefits In reducing the radiation problem and work on this aspect has been carried out by Boothby and Williams. ... 

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