Coating correlation coefficient

Fig. 18.5. Calibration curve obtained by the immunoassay procedure for the detection of anti-CTB using the ITO-PPB-coated optical fibers. The curve was fitted according to the equation y = A+B ln(.r), where x is the anti-CTB dilution value and y is the chemiluminescence response. The obtained correlation coefficient is R2 = 0.95.

Another ammonia sensor speciHcally designed for use in bioliquids is based on the evanescent wave technique and can be applied to the vapor-phase determination of ammonia above blood and serum [136]. It utilizes the ninhydrin reaction occurring in the polymer coating of the fiber, and the resulting color change is monitored by total internal reflection. The probe is applicable to clinical determinations normally carried out in the vapor phase, but works irreversibly. A linear relationship exists between absorbance and ammonia concentration in the clinically useful range of 0-4.0 pg mL. Comparison with the reference method showed a correlation coefficient of 0.92. 

The characteristics of several QCM instruments for aerosol measurement have been reviewed (ll). Particles are collected by impaction, electrostatic precipitation or both. The mass sensitivity is reported to be affected by the location of deposited particles on the crystal, the size of the particles, and the type of coating. In addition, the sensitivity changes as the crystal becomes loaded. Despite some limitations, most of the studies Indicated that QCMs can be successfully used for aerosol measurement with good correlation coefficient with the reference filtration method. Applications included measurement of aerosol in ambient air, particulate emission from automobiles and diesel engines, smoke plume from a coal-fired power plant, solid fueled rocket plvune, and particulate matter in the effluents in combustion sources. 

The experimental results presented in Fig. 3.8 show that the substrate significantly affects the coating surface properties. The dependence Ah 5) is distinguished by a high conjugation degree. Its correlation coefficient values are within 0.755 0.102 at a significance level of 0.01. 

Huang et al. described a simple, rapid method for the quantitative monitoring of five sulfonamide antibacterial residues in milk. The analytes were concentrated by SBSE based on poly(vinylimidazole-divinylbenzene) monolithic material as coating, and analyzed by HPLC with diode-array detection. The extraction procedure was very simple. Milk was first diluted with water and then directly subjected to sorptive extraction without a requirement for additional steps to eliminate fats and protein in the samples. Under the optimized experimental conditions, low detection limits (S/N = 3) (where S/N = signal-to-noise ratio) and quantification limits (S/N = 10) were achieved for the target compounds within the range of 1.30-7.90 and 4.29-26.3 p.g/1 from spiked milk, respectively. Good linearities were obtained for the sulfonamides with correlation coefficients (R ) above 0.996. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of sulfonamides in different milk samples. 

Figure 3. Nitroxide signal area (corrected for coating film weight) versus nitroxide concentration. The slope of the log-log plot is 1.03. 04 and the correlation coefficient is 0.998.

For the same calculated a, T, and iajiT data that gave the results shown in Table 8.3 when analyzed by the comprehensive method, the Coats and Redfem method gave an n value of approximately zero, an activation energy of 152 kj/mol, and a correlation coefficient of 1.000 The reason for these totally fictitious results is that the rate law... 

However, if the (o ,T) data are obtained for a reaction that follows some other type of rate law (Avrami, diffusion control, etc.), appHcation of the Coats and Redfem and all similar methods of analysis will give erroneous results even though the correlation coefficient may he i.OOO. In the past, many studies have not taken this into account, and it has been assumed that a good fit by Coats and Redfem plots assures that a correct law has been identified when in fact the actual rate law may be of some other type. While calculated data based on numerous other combinations of exponents were analyzed, the preceding results serve to show the application of the method based on the comprehensive rate law. The results obtained when two of the three exponents were allowed to vary were similar. For example, in one case where the exponents used to determine the a, T, and da/dT data were w = 0.333, = 0.333, and p = 0.333, the robust calculation returned the values 0.334, 0.334, and 0.331, respectively, and the calculated activation energy was 99.6 kj/mol. Obviously, the complete procedure can determine the exponents in almost any rate law. 

Demonstration of sensitivity of the anti—DES antibody was shown in two different experiments. In the first experiment, each well of the microtiter plate was coated with 3 ug/well of DES and the amount of anti-DES antibody in the system was varied from 1 500 to 1 100,000 (Fig. 2). The result was a linear graph with a correlation coefficient (CC) of r = 0.98. The average for 10 tests was 0.95 with the CC ranging from 0.92 to 0.99. In the second experiment, varying amounts (0.5 to 15 ug) of DES were coated to the well, followed by constant anti-DES concentration (1 900)(Fig. 3). The linear graph also had a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The average of the tests was 0.94 with a range of CC from 0.91 to 0.99. In both cases, there was no interaction between FCS and the anti-DES antibody. 

Figure 2. Constant quantities of DES were coated onto microtiter wells (3 ug/well) to which were added varying dilutions of antl-DES antibody (1 500- 1 100,000). The correlation coefficient of r = 0.98 suggests that the relationship between DES and the anti-DES antibody Is linear.

Figure 3. Varying the amount of DES coated onto a well (from 15 ug to 0.5 ug) also had a high correlation coefficient of r = 0.98. This suggests that the amount of absorbance is relative to the amount of DES present in the fluid.

When the calibration curves were compared, several compounds at the low end of the calibrated concentration range were affected by components already present in the diesel/oil extract. For example, low-levels of some PNAs and phthalates, present naturally in these refined petroleum products, were detected in the unspiked diesel/oil extract. Also, some of the phenols in this dirty matrix were reactive in the injection liner indeed, the matrix itself can passivate the liner for some target compounds. Passivation in this sense means that the liner surface becomes coated with non-volatile components, forming a barrier between the analyte and the bare, more reactive glass surface. While this issue is not related to ion trap mass spectrometry per se, it will be present in any analytical GC/MS system. As illustrated in the example below, calibration curve linearity (as represented by relative percent standard deviation, or RSDs, of the relative response factor at each calibration concentration level) and correlation coefficients for most compounds in the pure solvent were identical statistically to those prepared in the 3000 ppm diesel/oil matrix spikes, as are shown in Figures 15.36 and 15.37. 

Sudha et al. (2008) and Dinesh Karthik et al. (2009) reported on the removal of heavy metal cadmium and chrominm from industrial wastewater using chitosan-coated coconut charcoal and chitosan impregnated polyurethane foam, respectively. Adsorption and determination of metal ions such as zinc (11) and vanadium (II) onto chitosan from seawater have been studied (Muzzarelli et al. 1970, Muzzarelli and Sipos 1971, Muzzarelli and Rocchetti 1974). Adsorption of strontium (II), cobalt (11), zinc (11), and iron (III) on chitosan from sodium chloride solution have been reported (Nishimura et al. 1995). Adsorption behavior of Cu (II) (Minamisawa et al. 1996, Wu et al. 2000) and cobalt (11) (Minamisawa et al. 1999) were investigated. The amount of cadmium removed by chitin increases with increase of these parameters at a specific time. The application to experimental results of the Langmuir and Freundlich models shows that the Langmuir model gives a better correlation coefficient. 

Figure 3.5 Demonstration of correlation between the stickiness of protein-coated droplet pair encounters in shear flow (left ordinate axis) and viscoelasticity of concentrated emulsions (right ordinate axis) with the strength of protein-protein attraction as indicated by the second virial coefficient A2 determined from static light scattering , percentage capture efficiency (0%) A, complex shear modulus (G ) for emulsions stabilized by asl-casein or (3-casein (pH = 5.5, ionic strength in the range 0.01-0.2 M).

The most convenient of these methods is viscosity measurement of a liquid in which particles coated with a polymer are dispersed, or measurement of the flow rate of a liquid through a capillary coated with a polymer. Measurement of diffusion coefficients by photon correlation spectroscopy as well as measurement of sedimentation velocity have also been used. Hydrodynamically estimated thicknesses are usually considered to represent the correct thicknesses of the adsorbed polymer layers, but it is worth noting that recent theoretical calculations52, have shown that the hydrodynamic thickness is much greater than the average thickness of loops. 

Octanol-coated (ODS) columns are generally used. As noted vide supra, this method relies on correlation with reference compounds from the literature. References are ideally selected to span the range of lipophilicity estimated for the intended unknowns. Linearity should be demonstrated between the capacity factors (k ODS) and octanol water partition coefficients before values for the unknown compounds can be determined by interpolation. The hydrogenbonding character of the unknown should also be taken into account because inaccuracies can result from H-bonding of solute to residual silanol sites [29]. 

---