Coal liquefaction preparation

The catalytic performance of 1 was examined for hydroformylation of alkyne (as a catalyst additive) and methoxycarbonylation of alkyl halide, and 1 is also used as a stoichiometric reagent for an Ni-catalyzed ketone synthesis from alkyl halide. " Heterogeneous catalysts derived from 1 are used for hydrogenation of GO and coal tar pitch, crude oil upgrading, and coal liquefaction (preparation of the pyrrhotite catalyst). An Fe-Ru-Se catalyst dispersed on a glassy carbon-supported Nafion film prepared from 1 is reported to be effective for electro-catalytic oxygen reduction. ... 

Costs based on plant processing 26,105 Mg/d (28,776 US ton/d) of Ilbnois No. 6 coal. Source Direct Coal Liquefaction Baseline Design and Systems Analysis, prepared by Bechtel and Amoco under DOE contract no. DE-AC22-90PC89857, March 1993. 

Short Residence Time Coal Liquefaction, EPRI AF-780, prepared by Battelle s Columbus Laboratories, June, 1978. 

Hydroprocessing, in petroleum refining, 18 654-657 Hydropulping, 10 535 Hydropyrolysis, coal liquefaction, 6 854 Hydroquinolines, 21 198-199 Hydroquinone (HQ) from benzene, 3 620 as a black-and-white chemical reducing agent, 19 205-206 in bleaching preparations, 7 847 clathrates, 14 160 dye releaser, 19 291-292 inclusion compounds in, 14 172, 174 intermediate used in oxidation hair dyes, 7 858t... 

Exxon Coal Liquefaction Plant Prepared for Startup," Coal R D 3 (February 15, 1980), pp 1-2 Porter, Robert. "April Startup set for Synfuel Plant in Texas," Energy Insider 3 (February 18, 1980), pp 1, 5 3 (July 7, 1980), p 1 ... 

EDS Coal Liquefaction Project Technical Progress Reports prepared for the Department of Energy Interim Report FE-2353-13, EDS Commercial Plant Study Design, February,1978 1976 Phase IIIA Annual Report FE-2353-9, December, 1977 Phase IIIA Final Report, March, 1978 1977-1978 Phase IIIB Annual Report, FE-2893-17, September, 1978. 

The measure used to designate the pyrrhotites observed in coal liquefaction residues is com monly the atom percent iron. Pollack and Spitler (4) have described the adaptation of the well-established x-ray diffraction method of determining atom percent iron in natural pyrrhotites to coal liquefaction residues. The atom percent iron was estimated by this technique to 0.1 atom percent. The atom percent iron values observed in liquefaction residues, and in natural pyrrhotites, range from about 46 to 50. The latter would be the essentially stoichiometric FeS, troilite (high pyrrhotite). Experimentally, substances with all compositions from 43 to 50 atom percent iron have been prepared (2). The pyrrhotites found in nature manifest atom percent iron values clustered around 46.67 (Fe Sg ... 

Effect of Recycle on Liquefaction and Product Distribution. It Is Important that the product oil from a coal liquefaction process should have a low viscosity so that It could be used for preparing coal-oll slurries for recycling In a continuous liquefaction process. The product oil should also exhibit reactivity or solvency for the coal so that the viscosities do not deteriorate with prolonged recycling operation. 

In certain cases, such as the separation of PAHs obtained from a coal liquefaction process, using reversed-phase HPLC is complicated as sample preparation is elaborate. This is due in large part to the fact that most complex fuel-related materials contain compounds that are not usually soluble in acetonitrile, the solvent of choice in reversed-phase HPLC. Here, NPC, which employs a variety of solvents, offers an alternative to the analysis of such samples. Separation of five well-studied coal liquefaction process stream samples was achieved and 19 isomers were resolved when NPC was used [33]. The method employed a tetrachlorophthalimidopropyl-modified silica column (TCPP) with a charge-transfer mechanism. 

Past efforts in developing coal liquefaction catalysts have focused on alumina-supported systems and, except for exploratory studies, little attention has been given to systematic development of novel formulations. A particularly promising approach to the development of new catalysts specifically designed lor coal liquefaction processes lies in the formulation of multicomponent systems that, in comparison to work on single or bimetallic systems, are essentially unexplored. Use of multimetallic systems offers the possibility of multifunctional catalysts that are needed to perform the many different reactions encountered in coal processing. Because of its versatility for the preparation of multimetallic catalysts, the HTO system is an excellent candidate for further development. 

Use Glass manufacture, chemicals, pulp and paper manufacture, sodium compounds, soaps and detergents, water treatment, aluminum production, textileprocessing, cleaning preparations, petroleum refining, sealing ponds from leakage (sodium ions bind to clay particles, which swell to seal leaks), catalyst in coal liquefaction. 

Over 70% of known catalytic reactions involve some form of metallic component. Industrially, metals are used in catalytic reforming, hydrocracking, ammonia and methanol synthesis, indirect coal liquefaction, oxidation, and a vast number of organic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. Academically, metals are favored for research since they are easily prepared in pure form and conveniently characterized. In fact, most of the fundamental information leading to conceptual theories in catalysis originated with studies on metal systems. 

There are reports indicating that metal adsorption and dispersion can be enhanced by applying ultrasound during impregnation. For example, a slurry of the fine carbon particles prepared by ultrasonic radiation was mixed with the aqueous solution of the active metal precursors.The resultant catalyst was dried at 383 K. This was followed by reduction at 473 K before the catalyst was used for coal liquefaction. 

Taking advantage of its high separation strength, a combination of SEC with MS enhances the capability of MS and makes it possible for the analysis of coal liquids. SEC can be used as a coal liquid sample pretreatment method prior to GC-MS. For SEC, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) is often used as eluent. Analytical result for a coal liquefaction extract sample prepared from SEC by GC-MS showed that only the pentane-soluble components could be analyzed [16] the larger aromatic molecules identified by SEC to be present were lost in the GC column. The molecular weight of the aromatics analyzed in the coal liquids were up to 352 with very few aliphatics. 

Column chromatography is very useful for sample preparation. The fractions eluted from the NH2-bonded silica column with hexane as solvent showed some polar molecules, and increasing solvent polarity eluted a series of aliphatics and aromatics with carbon numbers exceeding C50. The analysis also showed that the extent of alkylation decreased with increasing severity of the coal liquefaction process [19]. 

Column chromatography is a very useful sample preparation method. In the work reported by Ruberto et al. [23], five liquid products from different pilot plant-scale coal liquefaction processes were examined. Column chromatography was used to isolate a fraction of each sample that contained the nitrogen compounds, and this fraction was analyzed by GC-MS, LV-MS, and... 

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