Co-solutes

Note. Phenols (unless nitrated) do not liberate CO, from Na,CO, solution. (e) Weakly alkaline. Alkali salts of some weak acids, pyridine. 

Residual solution. Make just acid with dil. HjSO, and then just alkaline to litmus-paper with Na,COs solution. Extract phenol with ether, distil off latter and identify the residue. Identify the organic acid in the aqueous layer, as in (A) (ii). 

These solvents differ in volatility and selectivity for the removal of H2S, mercaptans, and CO2 from gases of different composition. Other alkaline solvents used for the absorption of acidic components in gases include potassium carbonate, K CO, solutions combined with a variety of activators and solubilizers to improve gas—Hquid contacting. 

Co = solute concentration in washed cake hqnid Cl = solute concentration in unwashed cake hqnid C = solute concentration in wash hqnid... 

To prepare CO solution for the experimental purpose, it is recommended to bubble 20 ml of stock solution in a sealed glass tube with a stream of pure CO gas. The bubbling process lasts for 20 min under the pressure of 100 kPa at 37°C [3]. One microliter of this CO-saturated solution is estimated to contain 30 ng of the gas based on the solubility of CO at 37°C, the extent of dilution of the CO-saturated solution, and the assumption that the loss of the added CO from the bath solution at the time of experiments is negligible. The stock solution of CO should be freshly prepared before each experiment and then should be diluted immediately to the desired concentration with the bath solution or culture media. 

The remarkable strength of some XBs allows them to prevail over HBs in identifying the modules to be involved in self-assembly. For instance, in experiments of competitive co-crystal formation, a dipyridyl derivative prefers to co-crystallize with XB donors rather than HB donors and the same occurs for NjNjN jN -lclramclhylclhylcncdiaminc (TMEDA) [36]. In solution, solute-solute intermolecular HBs are considerably diminished if a strong XB donor co-solute is added. If haloperfluorocarbons (halo-PFCs) are used, the HB breaking potency increases moving from perfluorocarbons to chloro-, bromo-, and iodoperfluorocarbons [37-43], perfectly consistent with the order of the increasing XB donor ability of the halo-PFCs co-solutes, hi aque-... 

Eganhouse, R.P., Calder, I. A. (1976) The solubility of medium molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons and the effects of hydrocarbon co-solutes and salinity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 555-561. 

Preparation of Polymer Blends. A series of polymer blends was prepared by co-solutioning predetermined amounts of the poly(m-phenylene)isophthalate/terephthalate (80/20) with poly (m-phenylene)phenyl phosphonate, in methylene chloride. The polymer blends were recovered by evaporating the solution to dryness and ground to 40 mesh with a Wiley Mill. The composition of these blends and their analyses are summarized in Table I. 

Jang and McDow (1997) studied the photodegradation of benzo[a]anthracene in the presence of three common constituents of atmospheric aerosols reported to accelerate benzo [a] anthracene, namely 9,10-anthroquinone, 9-xanthone, and vanillin. The photo-degradation experiments were conducted using a photochemical reactor equipped with a 450-W medium pressure mercury arc lamp and a water bath to maintain the solution temperature at 16 °C. The concentration of benzo [a] anthracene and co-solutes was 10" M. Irradiation experiments were conducted in toluene, benzene, and benzene-c/e- Products identified by GC/MS, FTIR, and NMR included benzo[a]an-thracene-7,12-dione, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, 1,2-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, naphtha-lene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid/anhydride, 7,12-dihydrobenzo[a]anthracene, 10-benzyl-10-hydroan-thracen-9-one, benzyl alcohol, and 1,2-diphenylethanol. 

Since all the derivatives studied, except (III), had a very poor solubility in water (<2 g/1), they were inoculated as suspensions in 4% hydroxypropylcellulose (Klucel J. F., Hercules Co) solutions in water. Such Klucel solutions were shown to be nontoxic after i.p. (intra-peritoneal) inoculation. Moreover, the size of the molecular aggregates in such Klucel solution was much less than 1 pm, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. 

Alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu), alkyldimethyl, and alkyltrimethylammonium bromides retard the neutral hydrolysis of 1-benzoyl-1,2,4-triazole (190) to benzoic acid and the triazole (191).162 This effect is attributed to a dominant stabilization of the initial state through hydrophobic interactions with the co-solute. The effects of cetylpyridinium bromide on the hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene by hydroxide ion in water have been reported.163... 

The effects of small amounts of anionic 7-amino acids and several small peptides on the kinetics of SW 1 hydrolysis of 2-(4-nitrophenoxy)tetrahydropyran have been investigated at pH of 11 and 40 °C.124 The retarding effect of 1 molal co-solute was plotted as w(km= /km=t)) versus the number of CH groups in the amino acid side-chain. Various linear correlations were observed and the results were interpreted in terms of the hydrophobicity of CH. The effects of alcohols as co-solute were also studied. 

The coupons were contacted with boiling N CO solution (5 wt%) for 15 min to remove radionuclides associated with hydrated silicates. 

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