Co-alcoholism

AHyHc compounds can be carboxylated readily using Ni(CO)4, either catalyticaHy or stoichiometricaHy. In the presence of acetylene, the reaction of aHyhc compounds and CO, alcohols, and Ni(CO)4 yields dienic carboxyHc esters according to the following equation (136) ... 

Halothiophenes take part in Pd-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylations in the presence of CO, alcohol and base. In order to avoid the inconvenience of pressurized carbon monoxide, alkyl formate may be used as a safe surrogate [130], In one of the many examples, 2-Iodothiophene was carbonylated to the corresponding methyl ester using methylformate in place of CO. 

For another dihydro analogue, we wondered about conceptually tying down the ethyl group of arteether (145) by connection to the C-9 methyl as an intriguing assessment of the rotational freedom of the C-10 substituent on activity. To achieve this, an co-alcohol was connected to C-9 in analogue 153, which was in turn cyclized to novel pentacycle 154 (Eq. 18). 

In commercial polyethylene operations, poisons may enter the process as trace (ppm) contaminants in ethylene, comonomer, hydrogen (CTA), nitrogen (used as inert gas), solvents and other raw materials. These poisons reduce catalyst activity. Most damaging are oxygen and water. However, CO, CO, alcohols, acetylenics, dienes, sulfur-containing compounds and other protic and polar contaminants can also lower catalyst performance. With the exception of CO, aluminum alkyls react with contaminants converting them to alkylaluminum derivatives that are less harmful to catalyst performance. Illustrative reactions of contaminants with triethylaluminum are provided in eq 4.9-4.11 ... 

In order to produce ethanol by COj hydrogenation, the catalyst should have two functions C-C bond formation and C-0 bond partial preservation. In the case of the CO/Hj feed gas system, the former is industrially performed in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, while the latter in methanol synthesis. K/Fe oxides catalyst, being effective in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, was found to produce C-C bond in COj hydrogenation. It converted COj into CO, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Cu-Zn oxides catalyst, practically used in methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 mixture, was found unable to produce C-C bond it converted CO, to CO and methanol without any other detected compounds. 

Substances similar to those just described in terms of their chemical composition and catalytic capabilities can also be obtained by a more convenient procedure, without isolation of clusters 3 and 4, by reduction of Pd(OAc)2 with CO in the presence of small quantities (more facile synthetic way to low-valence polynuclear Pd complexes is reduction of Pd(OAc)2 by H2 in the presence of L ligands. The colloids obtained in this way have been shown to be catalytically active in a number of redox reactions involving those of alkenes, alkylarenes, CO, alcohols, nitroarenes,... 

Industrial processes for dialkyl oxalate and dimethyl carbonate from CO, alcohol and oxygen catalyzed by Pd have been developed by Ube Industries in Japan [2]. 

This class of xenobiotics is structurally and physiologically heterogeneous Carbaryl and Carbofuran are acetylcholin esterase inhibitors, whereas Chlorpropham (CIPC) is a herbicide, interfering with cell division [197]. The structure of carbamates is very different, as the amine can be aromatic, like in CIPC, or aliphatic, like in Carbaryl and Carbofuran. Everywhere, these microorganisms are able to hydrolyze the carbamate linkage by producing CO, alcohol, and the correqsonding amine, aromatic or aliphatic. 

In two patents it has been reported that carbamates have been obtained by reaction of ArNH2 with CO, alcohol, a catalyst comprising a platinum group element with a salt of, for example, boric acid 1291]] or PdCl2 with FeCl3 even on powdery molecular si eve [292]I, and an oxidising agent. 

By carbonyl ation of DNT in ethanol with Se and KOAc as catalyst, the dicarbamate was obtained in 83% yield (100-200 C, 10-200 atm)[299]J, Sulphur was also used as catalyst. Carbamates have been obtained from aromatic nitro compounds, CO, alcohols and a catalyst which is a metal selenide together with an (in)organic base or iodide [300j. 

Amines, aliphatic —CNH2 Oxidation Ketones —CO— Alcohols —OH... 

Le Bouquin R, Skrabs M, Kahn R, Benveniste 1, Salaun JP, Schreiber L, Durst F, Pinot F (2001) CYP94A5, a new cytochrome P450 from Nicotiana tabacum is able to catalyze the oxidation of tty acids to the co-alcohol and to the corresponding diacid. Eur J Biochem 268 3083-3090... 

Volatile products of combustion CO, CO, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, acids, acrolein ... 

Several papers deal with the products of (formally) "double carbonylation" reactions. The carbonylation product of styrene oxide in the presence of a Co2(C0)g/MeI catalyst under phase-transfer conditions contains two CO derived carbons (eqn.17). Two groups report the synthesis of a-keto esters from aryl iodides, CO, alcohols and tertiary amines the selectivity depends on Replacement of alcohol by water leads to a-keto acids. a-Keto-amides are prepared similarly from secondary amines. In this case the mechanism has been studied in detail oxidative addition of the aryl halide is the rate-determining step (Scheme 5). °... 

The carbonylative bromopalladation of terminal alkynes using a PdBr2-CuBr2-CO-alcohol system affords (Z)-3-bromoacrylates (eq 22). ... 

HMIS Health 2, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Alfol 1216 CO Alcohol [Sasol N. Am ]... 

Trade Names Containing Alfol 1214 GC Alcohol Alfol 1216 Alcohol Alfol 1216 CO Alcohol Alfol 1216 CO-0 Alcohol Alfol 1216 D Alcohol Alfol 1216 SP Alcohol Cl 2-15 alcohols... 

---