Clusters target

Boldarev AS, Gasilov VA, Faenov AYa, Fukuda Y, Yamakawa K (2006) Gas-cluster targets for femtosecond laser interaction Modelling and optimization. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 0831121-08311210... 

Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Skobelev IYu, Faenov AYa, Blasco F, Dorchies F, Caillaud T, Bonte C, Salin F, Stenz C, Loboda PA, Litvinenko IA, Popova VV, Baidin GV, Junkel-Vives GC, Abdallah Jr. J (2001) Influence of ultrashort laser pulse duration on the X-ray emission spectrum of plasma produced in cluster target. JETP Lett. 74 375-379... 

Sherrill ME, Abdallah Jr. J, Csanak G, Dodd ES, Fukuda Y, Akahane Y, Aoyama M, Inoue N, Ueda H, Yamakawa K, Faenov AYa, Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Skobelev IYu (2006) Spectroscopic characterization of an ultrashort laser driven Ar cluster target incorporating both Boltzmann and particle-in-cell models. Phys. Rev. E 73 0664041-0664046... 

The structural approach to nitrogenase analogue chemistry has been extensively reviewed. "" The goal of this account is to survey the present status of these structurally inspired efforts, emphasizing representative and currently relevant examples. Particular focus is directed to the principal contributions of these efforts in the development of tactics and insights for the systematic synthesis of cluster targets. 

J. F. Hainfeld et al, Ni-NTA-gold clusters target his-tagged proteins. Journal of Structural Biology,127 2), 185-198 (1999). 

Note that for each mixing point on the boundary of the feasibility region, a clustering target exists for the intercepted broke, so this technique is capable of identifying all the alternative product targets that will solve this particular problem. Solution of the second... 

The Fourier sum, involving the three dimensional FFT, does not currently run efficiently on more than perhaps eight processors in a network-of-workstations environment. On a more tightly coupled machine such as the Cray T3D/T3E, we obtain reasonable efficiency on 16 processors, as shown in Fig. 5. Our initial production implementation was targeted for a small workstation cluster, so we only parallelized the real-space part, relegating the Fourier component to serial evaluation on the master processor. By Amdahl s principle, the 16% of the work attributable to the serially computed Fourier sum limits our potential speedup on 8 processors to 6.25, a number we are able to approach quite closely. 

At the target, clusters are broken up and sample molecular ions, accompanied by some remaining solvent ions, are extracted by an electrical potential through a small hole into the mass spectrometer analyzer (Figure 11.1), where their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios are measured in the usual way. The mass spectrometer may be of any type. 

Future development of SAM-based analytical technology requires expansion of the size and shape selectivity of template stmctures, as well as introduction of advanced chemical and optical gating mechanisms. An important contribution of SAMs is in miniaturization of analytical instmmentation. This use may in turn have considerable importance in the biomedical analytical area, where miniature analytical probes will be introduced into the body and target-specific organs or even cell clusters. Advances in high resolution spatial patterning of SAMs open the way for such technologies (268,352). 

The ribosome is the cellular target of a large and chemically diverse group of antibiotics. The antibiotic binding sites are clustered at functional centers of the ribosome and the majority are composed exclusively of RNA. The drugs interfere with the positioning and movement of substrates, products and ribosomal components that are essential for protein synthesis. 

Considerable effort has been expended on Ag atoms and small, silver clusters. Bates and Gruen (10) studied the spectra of sputtered silver atoms (a metal target was bombarded with a beam of 2-keV, argon ions produced with a sputter ion-gun) isolated in D, Ne, and N2. They found that an inverse relationship between Zett of the metal atom and the polarizability of rare-gas matrices (as determined from examination of... 

The Rieske protein in mitochondrial bci complexes is assembled when the protein is incorporated into the complex. The Rieske protein is encoded in the nucleus and synthesized in the cytosol with a mitochondrial targeting presequence, which is required to direct the apoprotein to the mitochondrial matrix. The C-terminus is then targeted back to the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane where the Rieske cluster is assembled. In addition, the presequence is removed and the protein is processed to its mature size after the protein is inserted into the bci complex. In mammals, the presequence is cleaved in a single step by the core proteins 1 and 2, which are related to the general mitochondrial matrix processing protease (MPP) a and (3 subunits the bovine heart presequence is retained as a 8.0 kDa subunit of the complex (42, 107). In Saccharomyces cerevis-iae, processing occurs in two steps Initially, the yeast MPP removes 22 amino acid residues to convert the precursor to the intermediate form, and then the mitochondrial intermediate protease (MIP) removes 8 residues after the intermediate form is in the bci complex (47). Cleavage by MIP is independent of the assembly of the Rieske cluster Conversion of the intermediate to the mature form was observed in a yeast mutant that did not assemble any Rieske cluster (35). However, in most mutants where the assembly of the Rieske cluster is prevented, the amount of Rieske protein is drastically reduced, most likely because of instability (35, 44). 

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