Clowes

One may rationalize emulsion type in terms of interfacial tensions. Bancroft [20] and later Clowes [21] proposed that the interfacial film of emulsion-stabilizing surfactant be regarded as duplex in nature, so that an inner and an outer interfacial tension could be discussed. On this basis, the type of emulsion formed (W/O vs. O/W) should be such that the inner surface is the one of higher surface tension. Thus sodium and other alkali metal soaps tend to stabilize O/W emulsions, and the explanation would be that, being more water- than oil-soluble, the film-water interfacial tension should be lower than the film-oil one. Conversely, with the relatively more oil-soluble metal soaps, the reverse should be true, and they should stabilize W/O emulsions, as in fact they do. An alternative statement, known as Bancroft s rule, is that the external phase will be that in which the emulsifying agent is the more soluble [20]. A related approach is discussed in Section XIV-5. 

Edited by H. Bubert and H. Jenett Copyright 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH ISBNs 3-527-30458-4 (Hardback) 3-527-60016-7 (Electronic) 4.4 Clow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (CD-OESj... 

Clow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (CD-OESj 223... 

Fig. 18-8 Characteristic temperature-depth distributions at an ice divide. For a climatic temperature history as shown in (a) the temperature-depth distribution changes as shown in (b). Following the step increase in surface temperature, the initial steady temperature profile (fi in (b)) is altered by a warming wave (e.g., at time fa) but eventually reaches a new steady profile by time t. (c) Temperature data from Greenland measured by Gary Clow of the US Geological Survey, showing wiggles due to climate variations (Cuffey et ah, 1995).

Fig. 18-10 (a) Accumulation rate history for Greenland (Alley et ai, 1993 Guffey and Clow, 1997), with insets focusing on the Younger Dryas cold interval and the very rapid termination of the last glaciation, with substantial change that occurred in only 3 years noted (after Alley et ai, 1993). (b) Accumulation-rate history, normalized to the modem rate, for Antarctica (Raisbeck et ah, 1987), derived from °Be analysis. 

Fig. 18-22 The last 50 000 years of environmental history, recorded in central Greenland (GISP2 and GRIP ice cores), plus the CO2 record from Vostok, Antarctica, and global ice volume measured as sea level depression. (From top to bottom, references are Shackleton, 1987 Cuffey et ai, 1995 and Grootes et al, 1993 Cuffey and Clow, 1997 Chapellaz et al, 1990 Brook et al., 1996 Mayewski et al., 1997 Saltzman et al., 1997.)...

Cuffey, K. M., Clow, G. D., Alley, R. B. et al. (1995). Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition. Science 270, 455 58. Cuffey, K. M. and Clow, G. D. (1997). Temperature, accumulation and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition. /. Geophys. Res. 102, 26383-26396. 

Conney, A.H. (1982). Induction of Microsomal-Enzymes by Foreign Chemicals and Carcinogenesis by Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons—Clowes, G.H.A. Memorial Lecture. Cancer Research 42, 4875 917. 

Clowes, Martin. Atoms and molecules. San Diego (CA) Blackbirch P, 2004. ISBN 1410302954... 

Archibald Clow and Nan L. Clow. The Chemical Revolution A Contribution to Social Technology. London The Batchworth Press, 1952. Source for sulfuric acid s role. 

Clow, P. (1982), The Prevention of Bronze Disease in Archaeological Specimens, thesis, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth. 

Satzger RD, Clow CS, Bonnin E, et al. 1982. Determination of background levels of lead and cadmium in raw agricultural crops by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 65 987-991. 

An additional example is the observed moderate acceleration in the cleavage of particular phenyl esters in the presence of a cyclodextrin. In such cases, the bound ester is attacked by an hydroxyl group on the cyclodextrin to yield a new ester. There was found to be a significant enhancement of phenol release from meta-substituted phenyl acetate on interaction with cyclodextrin (relative to other esters which do not fit the cavity so well) (Van Etten, Clowes, Sebastian Bender, 1967). During the reaction, the acyl moiety transfers to an hydroxyl group on the... 

Pelletier JDA Champouret YDM, Cadarso J, Clowes L, Ga eteM, Singh K, Thanarajasingham V, Solan GA (2006) J Organomet Chem 691 4114... 

Clow, A. and Clow, N. L., The Chemical Revolution, The Batehworth Press, London, 1952, 140. Imperial Chemical Industries, Sulphuric Acid Manufacture and Use, Kynoch Press, Birmingham, England, 1955, 16. 

USA often failure of Clow model GMZ check valve Wrong functioning of a check valve, relieved an explosive gas cloud and exploded 4 1980 - 1994 USA,Saudi-Arabia... 

Brack C.,Bechter-Thuring E and Labuhn M. N-acetylrysteine clows down ageing and increases the life span of Drosophila melanogasterIICell Mol. Life Sci.- 911 vol 53/-P960-966. 

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