Cloud activated

Andreae M, Rosenfeld D (2008) Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth Sci Rev 89 13-41... 

Saxena, V. K., and A. H. Hendler (1983). In-cloud scavenging and resuspension of cloud active aerosols during winter storms over Lake Michigan. In Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition and Resuspension (H. R. Pruppacher, R. G. Semonin, and W. G. N. Slinn, eds.), pp. 91-101. Elsevier, New York. 

Based on the thermodynamics of aggregate formation, Tabazadeh suggested that micelle formation would limit the surface tension depression capability of organics in ambient aerosols to 10 dyn cm but she pointed out that even this limited amount of surface tension could impact cloud activation [11]. 

Prisle and coworkers implemented parameterization of surfactant effects on cloud activation and cloud radiative properties in a global climate model [246], and found that including only surface tension parameterization gave erroneous results. They found that detailed parameterization of surfactant properties were required to achieve accurate predictions of cloud droplet number calculations (CDNC). 

Raymond TM, Pandis SN (2002) Cloud activation of single-component organic aerosol particles. J Geophys Res Atmos 107 4787. doi 10.1029/2002JD002159... 

Booth AM, Topping DO, McFiggans G, Percival CJ (2009) Surface tension of mixed inorganic and dicarhoxylic acid aqueous solutions at 298.15 K and their importance for cloud activation predictions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11 8021-8028... 

Use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is becoming increasingly popular for clarification of apple juice. AH particulate matter and cloud is removed, but enzymes pass through the membrane as part of the clarified juice. Thus pasteurization before UF treatment to inactivate enzymes prevents haze formation from enzymatic activity. Retention of flavor volatiles is lower than that using a rack-and-frame press, but higher than that using rotary vacuum precoat-filtration (21). 

Sodium lauryl sulfate is available in solution, paste, and soHd forms. As a solution its activity ranges between 28—30%, and as a paste it is 55% active. With this detergent in a shampoo, inorganic salts can affect viscosity. In addition, the limited solubiHty of sodium lauryl sulfate requires its judicious use in low cloud point clear shampoo systems. 

Metrologia International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) Pavilion de Breteuil Parc de St. Cloud, Prance Includes articles on scientific metrology worldwide, improvements in measuring techniques and standards, definitions of units, and the activities of various bodies created by the International Metric Convention. 

Similar heterogeneous reactions also can occur, but somewhat less efticientiy, in the lower stratosphere on global sulfate clouds (ie, aerosols of sulfuric acid), which are formed by oxidation of SO2 and COS from volcanic and biological activity, respectively (80). The effect is most pronounced in the colder regions of the stratosphere at high latitudes. Indeed, the sulfate aerosols resulting from emptions of El Chicon in 1982 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 have been impHcated in subsequent reduced ozone concentrations (85). 

A water-soluble white crystalline sofld, CS is disseminated as a spray, as a cloud of dust or powder, or as an aerosol generated thermally from pyrotechnic compositions. The formulation designated CSl is CS mixed with an anti-agglomerant when dusted on the ground, it may remain active for as long as five days. CS2 formulated from CSl and a siUcone water repellent, may persist for as long as 45 days (6). 

In most cases, these active defoaming components are insoluble in the defoamer formulation as weU as in the foaming media, but there are cases which function by the inverted cloud-point mechanism (3). These products are soluble at low temperature and precipitate when the temperature is raised. When precipitated, these defoamer—surfactants function as defoamers when dissolved, they may act as foam stabilizers. Examples of this type are the block polymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) and other low HLB (hydrophilic—lipophilic balance) nonionic surfactants. 

Volume of vessel (free volume V) Shape of vessel (area and aspect ratio) Type of dust cloud distribution (ISO method/pneumatic-loading method) Dust explosihility characteristics Maximum explosion overpressure P ax Maximum explosion constant K ax Minimum ignition temperature MIT Type of explosion suppressant and its suppression efficiency Type of HRD suppressors number and free volume of HRD suppressors and the outlet diameter and valve opening time Suppressant charge and propelling agent pressure Fittings elbow and/or stub pipe and type of nozzle Type of explosion detector(s) dynamic or threshold pressure, UV or IR radiation, effective system activation overpressure Hardware deployment location of HRD suppressor(s) on vessel... 

Recent publications indicate the cloud-point extraction by phases of nonionic surfactant as an effective procedure for preconcentrating and separation of metal ions, organic pollutants and biologically active compounds. The effectiveness of the cloud-point extraction is due to its high selectivity and the possibility to obtain high coefficients of absolute preconcentrating while analyzing small volumes of the sample. Besides, the cloud-point extraction with non-ionic surfactants insures the low-cost, simple and accurate analytic procedures. 

TT-Electron materials, which are defined as those having extended Jt-electron clouds in the solid state, have various peculiar properties such as high electron mobility and chemical/biological activities. We have developed a set of techniques for synthesizing carbonaceous K-electron materials, especially crystalline graphite and carbon nanotubes, at temperatures below 1000°C. We have also revealed new types of physical or chemical interactions between Jt-electron materials and various other materials. The unique interactions found in various Jt-electron materials, especially carbon nanotubes, will lay the foundation for developing novel functional, electronic devices in the next generation. 

The sense of this procedure may be verified in Figure 4.13. An implicit assumption in this procedure is that the speed at which the sources are activated equals the speed at which the activation zone is propagated. This holds only if the flame propagates into a quiescent mixture, which does not really happen. Computational experiments with the proposed model show that this assumption is increasingly justified as a cloud s aspect ratio increases. 

Thunderstorms (cumulonimbus clouds) come in many sizes and shapes, ranging from small air-mass thunderstorms to large supcrcells. Thunderstorms are influenced by the surrounding atmosphere and nearby convective activity. Sometimes a thunderstorm is composed of a single, isolated cumulonimbus cloud. At other times, cumulonimbus clouds are so numerous that they form a continuous sheet, losing any separate identity. 

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