Climatic factors insolation

Much of the variation in these time series for the past 700 kyr can be described by a combination of a 100 kyr cycle plus additional cycles with periods of 20 and 40 kyr. This result immediately suggests that the ice-age cycles are caused by variations in the amount and seasonality of solar radiation reaching the Earth (insolation), because the 20, 40, and 100 kyr periods of climate history match the periods of cyclic variations in Earth s orbit and axial tilt, line hypothesis that these factors control climate was proposed by Milutin Milankovitch in the early part of the 20th century and is widely known as "Milankovitch Theory." It is now generally accepted that the Milankovitch variations are the root cause of the important 20 and 40 kyr climate cycles. The 100 kyr cycle, however, proves to be a puzzle. The magnitude of the insolation variation at this periodicity is relatively trivial, but the 100 kyr cycle dominates the climate history of the last 700 kyr. Further,... 

Climate and Environmental Factors. The biomass species selected for energy applications and the climate must be compatible to facilitate operation of fuel farms. The three primary climatic parameters that have the most influence on the productivity of an indigenous or transplanted species are insolation, rainfall, and temperature. Natural fluctuations in these factors remove them from human control, but the information compiled over the years in meteorological records and from agricultural practice supplies a valuable data bank from which to develop biomass energy applications. Ambient carbon dioxide concentration and the availability of nutrients are also important factors in biomass production. 

The change in extra-atmospheric solar radiation is a climate-forming factor that should be considered. The contribution of such a change to RF since 1750 might be as much as 20% compared with the contribution of C02. This is mainly explained by enhanced extra-atmospheric insolation in the second half of the 20th century (consideration of the 11-year cycle of insolation is vital here). However, the mechanisms that underly the impact of solar activity on climate are still far from being understood. Nonetheless, IPCC (2007) contains some conclusions and estimates. 

This irradience or insolation (a term that is a shortened version of incoming solar radiation ) figure is used to size photovoltaic systems. Of course the amount of incoming solar radiation depends on a number of factors such as cloud cover, moisture, and particulate concentration in the atmosphere. Each geographic region has its particular climate characteristics to be considered when calculating the number of panels required for the photovoltaic fuel cell system. 

Let us assume that the state of the climate system depends on external forcing, , such as insolation and anthropogenic land cover change, and internal processes Tf,. Any external forcing E will change the state of the climate system defined in terms of extensive variables S. Hence S = G E, where G is a sensitivity factor or sometimes referred to as a gain. Without any feedback, the response of the system would be Sg = Gg E. With feedbacks,... 

---