Climatic elements

Besides the chemical composition, porosity is another property of stone which has great influence on its preservation. An increased porosity increases the exposed surface and pores allow movement of materials such as water and its solutes through the stones. If the pores are blocked or reduced in diameter such substances may be trapped within resulting in increased local interior damage. Exposure to the climatic elements is one important source of decay. Freeze-thaw cycles, in particular, result in pressures on the pore walls of the stone s interior from changes in volume during the phase transition... 

For preventing climatic elements causing stock to deteriorate. 

Cycles established as statistically real are the familiar annual and diurnal radiation/temperature cycles, a quasibiennial (about every 2 years) fluctuation in various climatic elements, and the interannual variability of June rainfall in northern India. The first merely means that winters are cooler than summers and nights are cooler than days. Examples of the second cycle include Midwestern rainfall, a lengthy temperature record from central England, and winds over the western Paciflc and eastern Indian Ocean. According to Campbell et al (19), the third cycle may be a response to the monthly solar-lunar tide and its influence on the monsoon circulation. 

The stability of PTFE is evidenced by a lack of change in its dielectric constant after aging at 300°C for a period of nine months (Table 3.31). There are no other plastics known to exhibit these properties. Exposure to weather has no effect on the dielectric constant and dissipation factor. Figure 3.30 summarizes the results of a ten-year study in south Florida where representative samples were exposed to the climatic elements. No change in dielectric constant or dissipation is detected as a result of weathering. 

Hann (1897) first addresses climate changes with a separate section in his handbook in the sense of periodic variations ( the distribution of climatic elements is not [an] absolute constant ) but also in the sense of continuous changes over the earth s evolution. A first systematic description of climate changes is found in Hann (1908). Bruckner (1890) first identified climatic cycles by analyzing meteorological records (the so-called Bruckner cycle of 35 years). 

Crop production can be regarded as essentially the conversion of solar radiatiort, water and soil nutrients into useful end-products. The influences of various aspects of weather and climate on potential crop production can be mtmeroits and varied. For instance, simshine and rainfall could be cortsidered as primary controls of production because of their immediate influence on the rate of crop metabolism, nutrient uptake, tiugidity, biochemical processes within the plant and crop stracture, as well as their effect on soil and air temperature. In addition there will be an effect from topography, geographical position and proximity to bodies of water. Other climatic elements such as frosts, wind and hirmidity will also have an... 

In most environs, climatic elements are the single most unpredictable element. A golf course is basically an earth environment until the very end of its development cycle. There is no roof or shelter to facilitate work in inclement weather. Golf courses are also often used to convey storm water through a master planned community development, so if a heavy storm hits before the turfgrass has been fully established, it can obliterate weeks of work, the results of which can be devastating... 

Reason has analysed the effects of an inadequate safety culture on the risk of accidents from a barrier perspective (Reason, 1998). The three conditions that he focuses on are found in the list above on safety-climate elements. First, a poor safety culture will increase the frequency of human errors and rule violations and thus also increase active barrier transgressions. Second, it will result in complacency and in unwillingness to check and maintain passive barriers adequately. Third, the organisation that is characterised by an inadequate safety climate will be unwilling to report and follow up near accidents and identified deficiencies in the barriers. 

Campos-Enriquez, J.O., Ortega-Ramfrez, J., Alatriste-Vilchis, D., Cruz-Gatica, R., and Cabral-Cano, E. (1999) Relationship between extensional tectonic style and the paleo-climatic elements at Laguna El Fresnal, Chihuahua Desert, Mexico. Geomorphology, 28 75-94. 

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