Climate indicators

The Phocene lignites in Alaska, southeastern Europe, and southern Nigeria are the youngest coals. A number of peat accumulations in different parts of the world representing a range of climates indicate that the process of coal formation continues to take place. 

Tree Thermometers and Commodities Historic Climate Indicators... 

Long term changes in precipitation, caused by changes in climatic temperature, are well documented in polar ice caps the heavier of the stable isotopes is depleted in ice laid down in the ice age by comparison with present day ice. In 1970 we extended this concept to trees, suggesting that they, also, are thermometers. Trees grow from water and atmospheric C02. In trees which grow on rain water, isotope variations in their rings should be climate indicators because the isotope composition in rain and C02 varies with temperature. 

Other Climate Indicators Commodities, Prices. Wages... 

The quality of CL calculations depends greatly on the available Data Base. These DB should allow the researcher to calculate CL values using the inner ecosystem parameters such as soil type, its chemical and physical characteristics, vegetation type, climate indices, etc. As a basis, the following algorithm is applied (Bashkin, 2002). 

Longinelli, A. (1995). Stable isotope ratios in phosphate from mammal bone and tooth as climatic indicators. In Problems of Stable Isotopes in Tree-rings, Lake Sediments and Peat-bogs as Climatic Evidence for the Holocene, ed. Frenzel, B., European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, pp. 57-70. 

Two features in caves facilitate the use of stable isotopes as a palaeoarchive (1) cave air temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year and are similar to the mean annual temperature above the cave. (2) In cool temperate climate regions, cave air is characterized by very high humidity that minimizes evaporation effects. Interest in speleothems as recorders of continental palaeoenvironments has increased considerably in recent years. The potential of speleothems as climate indicators was first discussed by Hendy and Wilson (1968) followed by Thompson et al. (1974). These early investigators already recognized the complexity of cave carbonate iso-... 

LeColle P (1985) The oxygen isotope composition of landsnail shells as a climatic indicator Applications to hydrogeology and paleoclimatology. Chem Geol 58 157-181. 

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