Climate change/projections

Giorgi F, Lionello P (2008) Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Glob Planet Change 63 90-104... 

Climate change projections suggest that we are already committed to a temperature increase of 0.6°C just by holding GHG emissions constant at the rates that existed during... 

Holt, E. A. (1997). Disclosure and Certification Truth and Labeling for Electric Power. Issue Brief no. 5. College Park, MD Renewable Energy Policy Project. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (1996). 

Keywords Climate change. Climate projections. Downscaling, Mediterranean, Uncertainties... 

Hewitt C (2005) The ENSEMBLES Project - Providing ensemble-based predictions of climate changes and their impacts. The EGGS, EGU Newsl 13 22-25... 

Beniston M, Stephenson DB, Christensen OB, Ferro CAT, Frei C, Gollete S, Halsnaes K, Holt T, Jylha K, Koffi B, Palutikof J, Scholl R, Semmler T, Woth K (2007) Future extreme events in European climate an exploration of regional climate model projections. Clim Change 81 71-95. doi 10.1007/ sl0584-006-9226-z... 

Ho et al (2004) showed for SF6 that in low wind conditions short intense rain events accelerate gas exchange in the marine environment. Extending air-sea exchange by including this process is also of interest in the context of climate change, as climate projections suggest that the intensity of rain events will increase [Roeckner et al (2006)]. 

To take into account some of the uncertainties involved in the projections of climate change, two future climate scenarios for the entire Ebro River basin were selected... 

Apart from of investigating the concentration of priority pollutants to assess the temporal and geographic trends as it has been done in the Ebro river basin until nowadays, the SCARCE project pretends to evaluate the consequences of the climate change in the water quality as well as predicting new environmental risks derived from water scarcity. This will be done by determining the presence of new priority (i.e. perfluorinated compounds) and emerging toxicants in Mediterranean river ecosystems in the Iberian Peninsula. In a subsequent step, the effects of chemical and environmental stressors on the biota will be assessed by combining field and experimental studies. The effects of multiple stressors will be addressed from a multi-biomarker perspective [27]. 

Climate studies conducted within the AT project have compared the skill of RCMs in reproducing observed means and extremes, examined how climate change will affect mean precipitation and mean temperature and examined the estimated future occurrence of extreme precipitation and varied aspects of hydrology for Europe, Spain and the Ebro [35, 36]. 

Conventional WWTPs are, therefore, unable to remove wide ranges of pharmaceuticals and other compounds. For pharmaceuticals, although acute toxicity of aquatic organisms or chronic effects are unlikely with the present concentrations due to dilution effects, a wide range of pharmaceuticals are detected in the Ebro, and the overall toxicity of mixed pharmaceuticals may be high. Further studies are therefore required to assess the interactions of different compounds and the consequential health effects. In a similar manner to other pollutants, pharmaceuticals have a clear sensitivity to climate change through dilution effects, and the projected future decrease in annual precipitation could cause certain compound concentrations (e.g. anti-inflammatory diclofenac and p-blocker pranolol) to reach levels which may cause chronic effects [76]. 

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