In-place cleaning

Automatic fogging systems are available to disinfect rooms. A dense fog is quickly achieved by atomising disinfectant solution through nozzles. 

Some construction materials, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), are bacteriologically resistant and it has been shown that simple rinsing without 

Another factor affecting the choice of filler is its ability to be thoroughly cleaned. The simpler the valve the easier it will be to clean, and the more small passages, springs or complicated seal arrangements there are the more difficult cleaning will be. Most filler manufacturers will test fill and test clean products in their laboratories to demonstrate the cleanability and filling performance to be expected from their machinery. 

One popular misconception concerns the counter-pressure filler. It is often stated that the overpressure of gas in the filler bowl pushes the product into the container, but this is not the case. Once the valve is open the pressures in the bottle and the filler bowl equilibrate and product is filled by gravity. (Note a counter-pressure filler is usually used for carbonated beverages but it can successfully fill still products with an inert overpressure.) 

Ultimately, the speed of a filling machine is a function of the engineering limits of metal machinability. The valves are mounted on a ring that has to be machined to very tight tolerances and mounted such that it rotates evenly, hence the overall diameter of a filler has a maximum value and so the number of valves that can be mounted on the pitch circle has a maximum. 

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Fig. 11. Modem fermenting tank with conical bottom CIP (cleaning-in-place) = automatic cleaning system.

Standard components for a bioreactor comprise the vessel, the agitator and impeller, heat exchangers, seals, and valves. Other components include utilities such as clean-in-place (CIP), and steam-in-place (SIP) systems, auxiliary tanks, pH and foam control, inlet tubes,... 

Clean in place (CIP) A system used in clean rooms, consisting of tanks, piping, pumps, and associated controls for the distribution of w ash and rinse solutions. 

Perform appropriate column hygiene steps use cleaning in place protocols if necessary, repack the column... 

Pretreatment (e.g., filters, softeners, or antiscalents) and posttreatment (permeate flush and clean-in-place systems)... 

Clean-in-place (CIP) units for periodic membrane washing and removal of organic deposits, inorganic scales, and biofouling... 

AVT Barg BD BDHR BF BOF BOOM BOP BS W BSI BTA Btu/lb BW BWR BX CA CANDUR CDI CFH CFR CHA CHF CHZ Cl CIP CMC CMC CMC COC All-Volatile treatment bar (pressure), gravity blowdown blowdown and heat recovery system blast furnace basic oxygen furnace boiler build, own, operate, maintain balance of plant basic sediment and water British Standards Institution benzotriazole British thermal unit(s) per pound boiler water boiling water reactor base-exchange water softener cellulose acetate Canadian deuterium reactor continuous deionization critical heat flux Code of Federal Regulations cyclohexylamine critical heat-flux carbohydrazide cast iron boiler clean-in-place carboxymethylcellulose (sodium) carboxy-methylcellulose critical miscelle concentration cycle of concentration... 

Alvarez, N., Daufin, G., and Gesan-Guiziou, G. (2010). Recommendations for rationalizing cleaning-in-place in the dairy industry Case study of an ultra-high temperature heat exchanger. /. Dairy Sci. 93, 808-821. 

Eide, M. H., Homleid, J. P., and Mattsson, B. (2003). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cleaning-in-place processes in dairies. Lebensm. Wiss. U. Technol. 36, 303-314. 

Van Asselt, A. J., Van Houwelingen, G., and Te Giffel, M. C. (2002). Monitoring system for improving cleaning efficiency of cleaning-in-place processes in dairy environments. Trans. IChemE 80(Pt. C), 276-280. 

Ferric ion was immobilized on a Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow column preparatory to the separation of seven enkephalin-related phosphopep-tides.17 Non-phosphorylated peptides flowed through the column, and the bound fraction contained the product. The capacity of the column was found to be 23 pmol/mL by frontal elution analysis. Cupric ion was immobilized on Chelating Superose for the isolation of bovine serum albumin.18 Cupric ion was immobilized on a Pharmacia HiTrap column for the separation of Protein C from prothrombin, a separation that was used to model the subsequent apparently successful separation of Factor IX from prothrombin Factor IX activity of the eluate was, however, not checked.19 Imidazole was used as the displacement agent to recover p-galactosidase from unclarified homogenates injected onto a nickel-loaded IMAC column.20 Pretreatment with nucleases and cleaning in place between injections were required procedures. A sixfold purification factor was observed. 

In the design of equipment for the manufacture of sterile ophthalmic (and nonophthalmic) pharmaceuticals, manufacturers and equipment suppliers are turning to the advanced technology in use in the dairy and aerospace industries, where such concepts as CIP (clean-in-place), COP (clean-out-of-place), automatic heliarc welding, and electropolishing have been in use for several years. As a guide here, the reader is referred to the so-called 3A Standards of the dairy industry issued by the U.S. Public Health Service [267],... 

M.J. Schoning, D. Brinkmann, D. Rolka, C. Demuth, and A. Poghossian, CIP (cleaning-in-place) suitable non-glass pH sensor based on a Ta205-gate EIS structure. Sens. Actuators B. 111-112, 423-429 (2005). 

Adsorbents for biomacromolecules such as proteins have special properties. First, they need to have large pore sizes. A ratio of pore radius to molecule radius larger than 5 is desirable to prevent excessive diffusional hindrance (see Intraparticle Mass Transfer in this section). Thus, for typical proteins, pore radii need to be in excess of 10-15 nm. Second, functional groups for interactions with the protein are usually attached to the adsorbent backbone via a spacer arm to provide accessibility. Third, adsorbents based on hydrophilic structures are preferred to limit nonspecific interactions with the adsorbent backbone and prevent global unfolding or denaturation of the protein. Thus, if hydrophobic supports are used, their surfaces are usually rendered hydrophilic by incorporating hydrophilic coatings such as dextran or polyvinyl alcohol. Finally, materials stable in sodium hydroxide solutions (used for clean-in-place) are... 

A typical grinding and sieving system (Fig. 2.5) produces dust which has to be collected. If in addition a CIP (cleaning in place) installation is installed, the total preparation equipment becomes a major part of the whole freezing and freeze drying installation. Figure 2.6 shows only the collecting container for the dust, which is sorted by size while below the container is the vibration transport system. 

There are several approaches to cleaning. The favored approach is clean-in-place (CIP), in which cleaning solutions are piped to the vessel under computer control. In cases where CIP is not suitable, clean-out-of-place (COP) is used. This approach is mostly for smaller items. COP may be carried out manually or with automated tanks. A third approach is manual cleaning, although this is prone to human error and is not generally adopted. 

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