Classification of errors

Classification of Errors from the Cognitive Perspective 2.6.4.I. Slips and Mistakes... 

Part—I has three chapters that exclusively deal with General Aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. Chapter 1 focuses on the pharmaceutical chemicals and their respective purity and management. Critical information with regard to description of the finished product, sampling procedures, bioavailability, identification tests, physical constants and miscellaneous characteristics, such as ash values, loss on drying, clarity and color of solution, specific tests, limit tests of metallic and non-metallic impurities, limits of moisture content, volatile and non-volatile matter and lastly residue on ignition have also been dealt with. Each section provides adequate procedural details supported by ample typical examples from the Official Compendia. Chapter 2 embraces the theory and technique of quantitative analysis with specific emphasis on volumetric analysis, volumetric apparatus, their specifications, standardization and utility. It also includes biomedical analytical chemistry, colorimetric assays, theory and assay of biochemicals, such as urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, salient features of radioimmunoassay and automated methods of chemical analysis. Chapter 3 provides special emphasis on errors in pharmaceutical analysis and their statistical validation. The first aspect is related to errors in pharmaceutical analysis and embodies classification of errors, accuracy, precision and makes... 

To identify opportunities for reducing medication errorS/ it is important that each error be carefully reviewed by a limited number of individuals to gain intimate knowledge of each reported incident. Collection and classification of error data must be followed by use of a careful epidemiological approach to problem solving at the system level. Narrative data which may not be seen by looking at the categorical data alone/ can be used to provide important details about proximal causes and latent error that may have contributed to the event. Success in this type of error reduction requires the reviewers to read between the lineS/ look for common threads between reports/ and link multiple errors that are the result of system weaknesses. 

The error of a method may be defined as the difference between the value obtained and the assigned value (M2), a definition that underlines the close interrelationship between the concept of accuracy and the errors of a determination. Many different classifications of errors have been produced, and these basically subdivide into (1) errors resulting from inaccuracy, alternatively called the error of bias or systematic error of a method, and (2) errors associated with lack of precision. 

Before dealing with modelling human error, a classification of errors is useful. This can be done in many ways. A universally accepted classification does not exist. In what follows the classifications of [52] are presented. Accordingly two broad categories of human error may be distinguished ... 

Although Codman was ostracized and ridiculed by many, his proposals were nevertheless adopted by the American Surgical Society, but the eventual minimum standards for hospitals instituted after the First World War omitted two of the most crucial components the analysis of outcomes and the classification of error. The Minimum Standard ran until 1952, until it was overtaken by the formation of the organization that eventually became the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), the largest accrediting body in the United States (Sharpe and Faden, 1998). 

Another useful information obtained from this phase of knowledge acquisition has been the collection and classification of errors (bug catalogue) and the analysis of the cognitive causes of the errors. The right interpretation of these causes is needed to correct the errors. 

Classification of errors associated with the direct transfer of information ... 

Beizer [2], for instance, developed a detailed classification of errors with a taxonomy code for each error. However, and despite the level of details with which the errors are categorised, Beizer s hierarchical classification is not claimed to be a universal one which can be used for any type of software evaluation (statistical experiments have shown that at least 4.7% of the reported errors were not covered by the classification). The only argument raised in favour of this particular classification (rather than adopting the IEEE draft standard on error codification) is simply that it covers the territory. 

The slip/lapse-mistake-violation classification can be particularly useful in relation to identifying appropriate mitigation. The introduction of violations as a unique category is also of considerable importance in gaining a comprehensive classification of error type. This classification also has the advantage that the descriptors used are used in a way which is entirely consistent with their everyday meaning. 

Reason [10], inspired by Rasmussen s SRK model, again addressed this classification of errors into three categories, which is still the most authoritative classification ... 

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