Class II substance

Class II substances are simply intermediate substances with less clearly innocuous stmcmres than those of Class I substances, but without stmctural feamres suggestive of toxicity. 

In conjunction with the Montreal Protocol, the Clean Air Act of 1990 further defined the production and use of these ozone depleting materials. This act also created a program to identify alternatives to Class I and Class II ozone-depleting substances and to publish a list of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes. This is known as the Significant New Alternatives Policy or SNAP. Under the SNAP rules, it is illegal to replace a Class I or Class II substance with an unacceptable substance or process. Supercritical fluids are acceptable alternatives for solvent applications under the SNAP rules. 

The pharmacist should have anticipated the bio-pharmaceutical consequences of the physico-chemical properties of oxcarbazepine. The drug is classified as a Class II substance for oral application. Logically, lack of adequate solubility is even more evident for the rectal administration as the volume of rectal fluid is limited (see Table 17.1). With an aqueous solubility of approximately 300 mg/L, the solubUity of the substance in the lipophilic base of the suppositories would certainly not be higher than 9.5 mg/mL (being a direct consequence of the value of the log P = 1.5 of oxcarbamazepine). This means that oxcarbazepine is not dissolved in the lipid but dispersed as crystals, which settle from the molten suppository once introduced in the rectal cavity. The amount of rectal liquid is limited and therefore a saturated solution will exist which involves only less than 1 mg dissolved oxcarbamazepine. Low solubility yields a low concentration and hence a low driving force for diffusion to occur. As a consequence, the rate of absorption is relatively low. This slow release may lead to hardly any uptake, due to defecation within several hours after insertion. 

In Step 2, constituents are assigned to one of three structural classes (I, II, or III) based on toxic potential (Cramer et al., 1978). Class I substances contain structural features that suggest a low order of oral toxicity. Class II substances are clearly less innocuous than Class I substances but do not contain structural features that provide a positive indication of toxicity. Class III substances contain structural features (e.g., an epoxide functional group, unsubstituted heteroaromatic derivatives) that permit no strong presumption of safety and in some cases may even suggest signi cant toxicity. For instance, the simple aliphatic hydrocarbon, limonene, is assigned to structural Class I, while... 

Since, in general, the reagent report includes at least one reference covering each substance or class of substances, it is possible to use Part II of this book with its ca. 750 references as a source for TLC applications. Only rarely are earlier references (prior to 1960), which were of importance for the development of the reagent, cited here. 

Class II drugs are classical (3-adrenoceptor antagonists such as propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol or the short-acting substance esmolol. These drugs reduce sinus rate, exert negative inotropic effects and slow atrioventricular conduction. Automaticity, membrane responsiveness and effective refractory period of Purkinje fibres are also reduced. The typical extracardiac side effects are due to (3-adrenoceptor blockade in other organs and include bronchospasm, hypoglycemia, increase in peripheral vascular resistance, depressions, nausea and impotence. 

MnP is the most commonly widespread of the class II peroxidases [72, 73], It catalyzes a PLC -dependent oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+. The catalytic cycle is initiated by binding of H2O2 or an organic peroxide to the native ferric enzyme and formation of an iron-peroxide complex the Mn3+ ions finally produced after subsequent electron transfers are stabilized via chelation with organic acids like oxalate, malonate, malate, tartrate or lactate [74], The chelates of Mn3+ with carboxylic acids cause one-electron oxidation of various substrates thus, chelates and carboxylic acids can react with each other to form alkyl radicals, which after several reactions result in the production of other radicals. These final radicals are the source of autocataly tic ally produced peroxides and are used by MnP in the absence of H2O2. The versatile oxidative capacity of MnP is apparently due to the chelated Mn3+ ions, which act as diffusible redox-mediator and attacking, non-specifically, phenolic compounds such as biopolymers, milled wood, humic substances and several xenobiotics [72, 75, 76]. 

DEA Class Controlled Substance Schedule II Clinical Pharmacoiogy ... 

The solvent, if a blend, should not contain any Class I or Class II ozone-depleting substances as listed in Title VI of the Clean Air Act (Sect. 602) or any chemical with an ozone-depletion factor of 0.2 or greater (CFC 11 = 1). 

Hawthorn has long been used as a medicinal substance, and an extract such as WS 1442, a formulation of hawthorn leaves with flowers, has been evaluated in different studies for treatment of heart failure (40 2). Patients with New York Heart Association class II heart failure participated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter trial. They received 30 drops of the extract three times daily for eight weeks. At the end of the study, heart failure condition was improved (41). A meta-analysis of available clinical trials suggests that the extract is useful as an adjunct treatment for patients with mild to moderate heart failure (42). Therefore, it is likely that hawthorn products would be administered together with digoxin in clinical management of patients (Fig. 4). 

It is important to note that Class II (C-II) controlled substances now can be ordered electronically Pharmacies must first enroll with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) to acquire a digital certificate. The C-II orders are created using a computerized inventory system, electronically signed using a... 

The total number of chemical substances registered under the Chemical Substances Control Law is approximately 28 000 including approximately 20 000 substances as existing substances as of 1973 and approximately 8000 substances as new substances registered thereafter. Until the amendment, they were classified into non-regulated substances, class I specified chemical substances, class II specified chemical substances and designated chemical substances according to their hazard levels on humans caused by their environmental pollution. In the Chemical Substances Control Law amended in 2004 there have been newly established -... 

A chemical substance that is neither biodegradable nor highly bio accumulative and intended to be manufactured and/or imported in an amount more than 10 tonnes/year should be tested for toxicity to humans and the ecosystem. If the substance is toxic to either of them, it is assigned to class II or III monitoring substance. If it is toxic to neither of them, it is listed as a non-regulated substance. 

In addition, there are chemical substances designated as class II designated chemical substances under the PRTR system. 

The amount of a class II designated chemical substance released and transferred needs not be reported to the government. When an enterprise tries to sell or provide a product containing such a substance to another enterprise, the seller must prepare an MSDS containing information on the name, content, properties and warnings in handling of the substance and provide it to the buyer before delivery of the product (the system was enforced in January 2001). 

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