Predation risk

Labra, A. and Niemeyer, H. M. (2004) Variability in the assessment of snake predation risk by Liolaemus lizards. Ethology 110, 649-662. 

Kats, L. B. and Dill, L. M. (1998) The scent of death chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. Ecosci. 5, 361-394. 

Mappes, T., Koskela, E. and Ylonen, H. (1998) Breeding suppression in the bank vole under predation risk of small mustelids laboratory or methodological artifact Oikos 82, 365-369. Moore, L. A. (1995) Giant white-tailed rat. Uromys caudimaculatus. In R. Strahan (Eds.), The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books, Sydney, pp. 638-640. 

Wisenden BD (2000) Olfactory assessment of predation risk in the aquatic environment. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 355 1205-1208... 

Duffy JE, Hay ME (1994) Herbivore resistance to seaweed chemical defense the roles of mobility and predation risk. Ecology 75 1304-1319... 

Levels of predation risk influence the strength of the alarm response in the laboratory, female Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata, from a population with much predation, shoaled, dashed, and froze more in response to skin extract from sympatric females than did females from a population that experienced less predation (Brown and Godin, 1999). 

Potential prey species can chemically assess predation risk from a distance and/or from the safety of their refuge by evaluating predator odors in the area (Kats and Dill, 1998). Such odors emanate from the predator itself or its... 

The odor of ferret, Mustek putorius furo, urine causes male outbred laboratory Mus musculus, to reduce their overmarking of rival urine marks. These mice reduce predation risk at the price of tolerating more intrasexual competition (Roberts etal., 2001). 

Because size can impose constraints on mobility, predation risk, and per capita impact on food plants, it is often useful to divide marine herbivores into functional groups or guilds sharing certain... 

In aquatic environments, chemical cues serve as an important source of information for the detection of predation risk. Chemical signals released by disturbed or injured conspecifics may provide prey animals with an early warning of danger.2 115 We now discuss two kinds of well-established alarm pheromones from sea anemone and sea slug. 

The selection of the pesticides that we recommend is based on many aspects and includes the registration status, product efficiency, mode of action (systemic, contact), degradation in crops, in soils under given climates, toxicity, metabolites, application techniques, waiting periods, secondary effects (predators), risk of resistance (within control programs), costs, alternatives, future of product (pressure on use) and analytical possibilities (limits). 

Smee DL, Weissburg MJ (2006b) Hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) evaluate predation risk using chemical signals from predators and injured conspecifics. J Chem Ecol 32 605-619 Snell TW, Morris RD (1993) Sexual communication in copepods and rotifers. Hydrobiologia... 

Ferrari MCO, Messier F, Olivers DP (2008) Variable predation risk and the dynamic nature of mosquito antipredator responses to chemical alarm cues. Chemoecology 17 223-229... 

Although some spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters aggregate, many factors influence this behavior. For example, the introduction of a predator causes P. argus individuals to change the preferred shelter size (Eggleston and Lipcius 1992). When there is no predation risk, small spiny lobsters choose either small- or... 

Briones-Fourzan P (2009) Assessment of predation risk through conspecific alarm odors by spiny lobsters. Commun Integr Biol 2 302-304... 

Eggleston DB, Lipcius RN (1992) Shelter selection by spiny lobster under variable predation risk, social conditions, and shelter size. Ecology 73 992-1011... 

Crabs without burrows orient to and hide against objects on the surface to reduce their predation risk. Females leave their burrows and search for mates by visiting several courting males at their burrows before they choose one. Males sometimes build structures at the entrances to their burrows. Females are more attracted to burrows with than without structures and this preference increases with perceived predation risk. The preference reduces females predation risk and incidentally biases mate choice in favor of males with structures... 

Kim TW, Christy JH, Dennenmoser S, Choe J (2009) The strength of a female mate preference increases with predation risk. Proc Royal Soc Lond B 276 775-780... 

The detection of elevated predation risk can occur via input from any sensory channel, but in aquatic environments, the primary medium for the majority of crustaceans, chemical cues are of particular importance (Rittschof 1992 Chivers and Smith 1998 Wisenden 2000 Moore and Crimaldi 2004). In this review, I will examine some aspects of the use of chemical cues that indicate elevated predation risk to crustaceans. I will consider the benefits of behavioral patterns shown, the sources of odors, the types of responses shown, the effects of other factors on the responses to chemical cues, and the role of past experience in the utilization of cues. 

There have been numerous descriptions of behavioral patterns elicited by chemical cues that logically should decrease predation risk (see Sect. 18.4). However, there have been just a few studies actually documenting the benefits of antipredation behaviors in crustaceans elicited by chemical cues and the best studies have been with other taxa. Work with several fish species (Mathis and Smith 1993 Mirza and Chivers 2001, 2003), the toad Bufo boreas (Hews 1988) and the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Persons et al. 2001), has shown increased survival rates by prey that showed antipredation behavioral patterns following detection of chemical cues... 

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