Civilization-related load

For the essential elements the amounts in the body are normally controlled by physiological mechanisms, but for the non-essential, non-beneficial elements there are no such controls and the amounts in the body generally reflect the natural occurrence of the elements in food and water. For many such elements we may consider that there is a base load in the human body which reflects the natural intake of the elements in the diet. For some elements, industrial, mining or other human activities, may release metals into the environment. Such activities may result in a civilization-related load being added to the natural base load in some circumstances this civilization-related load may be very much greater than the base load. For example, the natural concentrations of the highly toxic metal cadmium in soils are generally quite low, yet in the... 

The units costs are comprehensive and include a pro rata of all related components and operations, from excavation to form-stripping, clean-up and grouting. They are consistent with costs obtained from a large civil contractor in the Northeast and based on loaded labor of approximately 45/hr. 

In relation to adaptronics in civil engineering structures, the active bracing system represents one of the best possibilities and therefore will be outlined in more detail. Reinhorn et al. [195] reported on the braces, the hydraulic actuators, the hydraulic power supply, the analog-digital converter and the sensors. The observed performance of the system under actual earthquakes and other artificial loadings will be presented. 

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