Explosives civil

Civil explosives are also known as commercial or blasting explosives and are typically used for mining, quarrying, construction and tunnel building. They are chemical compositions, which detonate when initiated by high explosive primers or boosters or directly by detonators. They are relatively insensitive to shock, friction or impact... 

Civil explosives are further sub-divided into permitted or permissible explosives and non-permitted explosives. Two types of civil explosives namely ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) and emulsion explosives dominate the rock blasting scene in the USA. 

Bartlett, A. A. (1969). The Highway Explosion. Civil Engineering (Decemheij 71—72. 

Atomic Demolition Munitions , National Defense LIX, (330) (May-June 1975), 467—70 15) Anon, A Selected, Annotated Bibliography of the Civil, Industrial, and Scientific Uses For Nuclear Explosions , TID-3522-R9-53, Energy Res Development Adm (July 1975)... 

As an illustration of practical methods of using explosives it is proposed to describe in some detail the way in which a tunnel may be driven through rock. This is a process common to all mining operations and frequently used in hydroelectric and civil engineering work. 

Keenan, W. A., and Tancreto, J. E., "Blast Environment from Fully and Partially Vented Explosions in Cubicles," Technical Report R828, Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Pt. Hueneme, CA, Nov. 1975. 

I. Petroleum rcftncries-Design and construction. 2. Petroleum re.1nerics--Firesand (ire prevention. 3- Explosions. 4. Buiidings-Biast effects. I, American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Commitlee on Blast Resistant Design. 

Emergency response plans (ERPs) are nothing new to chemical industries, since many have developed ERPs to deal with natural disasters, accidents, violence in the workplace, civil unrest, and so on. Because chemical industries are a vital part and ingredient of our way of life, it has been prudent for chemical industries to develop ERPs in order to help ensure the continuous flow of water to the community. However, many chemical industry ERPs developed prior to 9/11 do not explicitly deal with terrorist threats, such as intentional fire, explosion, or contamination. Recently, the U.S. Congress and federal regulators have required chemical industries to prepare or revise, as necessary, an ERP to reflect the findings of their vulnerability assessment and to address terrorist threats. 

The physicochemical properties of explosives are fundamentally equivalent to those of propellants. Explosives are also made of energetic materials such as nitropolymers and composite materials composed of crystalline particles and polymeric materials. TNT, RDX, and HMX are typical energetic crystalline materials used as explosives. Furthermore, when ammonium nitrate (AN) particles are mixed with an oil, an energetic explosive named ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil) is formed. AN with water is also an explosive, named slurry explosive, used in industrial and civil engineering. A difference between the materials used as explosives and propellants is not readily evident. Propellants can be detonated when they are subjected to excess heat energy or mechanical shock. Explosives can be deflagrated steadily without a detonation wave when they are gently heated without mechanical shock. 

U.S. Civil War battlefields, though the latter munitions are usually deteriorated beyond holding any dangerous explosive residue. UXO are also found on former military training facilities, such as Ft. Ord, California, or Kahoolawe, Hawaii. Both these sites have undergone restoration in recent years. 

Industrial (or Commercial) Explosives, also called Civil (or Civilian) Explosives. See Agriculture and Forestry Use of Explosives in Vol 1, p A112-R Blasting Explosives in Vol 2, p B202-L Commercial or Industrial Explosives in Vol 3, p C434-R and Dynamites in Vol 5, p D1584-L... 

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