Cinnamic acid derivatives with

The reactions of cinnamic acid derivatives with hydrazine are also in accord (56) with the above findings. The hydrazide 182 cannot, even at 200°C, be converted into the pyrazolone 185 (5-Endo-Trig process). However, the ester... 

Yang s chiral ketones 75 have also been used as catalysts in the kinetic resolution of acyclic secondary allyl silyl ethers <2001JOC4619>. Dioxiranes generated in situ from dehydrocholic acid derivatives 122 and Oxone have been used in the asymmetric epoxidations of cinnamic acid derivatives with product ee s up to 95% <2001TA1113, 2002JOC5802> and unfunctionalized olefins (up to 98% ee) <2006T4482>. 

Figure 4. Reactivity of cinnamic acid derivatives with regard to anthocyanin adduct formation with malvidin 3- glucoside.

The reaction of crotonic and cinnamic acid derivatives with 296 was very dependent upon the nature of the carboxylate derivative used in the aza-annulation and the conditions of the reaction (eq. 61). When the corresponding acid chloride was used in the presence of pyridine, only A -acylation was observed to yield 303.85 However, when 296 was deprotonated with NaH and then treated with the ethyl ester of either crotonic or cinnamic acid, aza-annulation occurred to give 302. 

NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the species formed in solution by interaction of cinnamic acid derivatives with asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts. Such studies are necessarily limited to those species which accumulate in adequate concentration and have sufficiently long lifetimes for observation by NMR. In catalytic reactions as rapid as those described here, such complexes appear likely to be outside rather than in the operating catalytic cycle. ... 

A new simple benzo[6]thiophen synthesis consists of the reaction of cinnamic acid derivatives with thionyl chloride and pyridine, which leads to 3-chlorobenzo[Z>]thiophen-2-carbonyl chlorides. The disadvantage of the method is that activating substituents in the cinnamic acid cause chlorination in the benzene ring. ... 

In this review we have discussed published results concerning the QSAR research on antimicrobial properties of synthetic and natural compounds. Antifungal and antimicrobial activity of some coumarin derivatives, various types of biological activities of benzamides, several studies on cinnamic acid derivatives with antibacterial and antifungal activity, reports on the biological activity of homoisoflavanones and phenolic compounds, as well as pharmaceutical applications of furan derivatives have been shown. 

Chlorosulfo-de-diazoniation 241 CIDNP, see Dediazoniations Cinnamic acid derivatives, reaction with ArNj 243 Cinnolines 140 f. 

A number of carboxylic acids are found in nature and also present in metabolic pathways. Accordingly, if monobasic acids are smoothly decarboxylated, they are expected to provide us with new routes to supply useful materials for chemical industry without depending on petroleum. Actually, there are some already known examples. The representative examples are the decarboxylation of cinnamic acid derivatives (Table 8). ... 

Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain how phenolic acids directly increase membrane permeability. The first is that the compounds solubilize into cellular membranes, and thus cause a "loosening" of the membrane structure so that minerals can leak across the membrane (28-30, 42). Support for this hypothesis comes from the fact that the extent of inhibition of electrical potentials correlates with the log P (partition coefficient of a compound between octanol and water) for various benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives (Figure 5). 

The mechanism of the formation of compound 67 has been studied by Higa and Krubsack [41] in detail, as shown in Scheme 15. Namely, the initial step of the reaction of the cinnamic acid derivative 66 with thionyl chloride is an electrophilic addition of thionyl chloride across the double bond of cin-namoyl chloride to form the sulfinyl chloride intermediate (66a), which is then converted to 68 by the Pummerer reaction. Dehydrochlorination of 68... 

The asymmetric hydrogenation of cinnamic acid derivatives has been developed by Knowles at Monsanto [4], The synthesis of L-dopa (Figure 4.3), a drug for the treatment of Parkinson s disease, has been developed and is applied on an industrial scale. Knowles received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 together with Noyori (see below, BINAP ) and Sharpless (asymmetric epoxidation). 

Polyesters of cinnamic acid derivatives used as photorresists, whose main photochemical feature is [2tt -I- 2-77] dimerization, are reported to experiment PFR along with trans-cis isomerization as secondary reactions [234-240]. 

Lignin has a complex structure that varies with the source, growing conditions, etc. This complex and varied structure is typical of many plant-derived macromolecules. Lignin is generally considered as being formed from three different phenylpropanoid alcohols— coniferyl, coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols, which are synthesized from phenylalanine via various cinnamic acid derivatives and commercially is sometimes treated as being composed of a Cg repeat unit where the superstructure contains aromatic and aliphatic alcohols and ethers, and aliphatic aldehydes and vinyl units. 

Feldman and Campbell, on the other hand, used hydrogen-bonding interactions to enforce a particular stereo- and regiochemical outcome of the sohd-state photocycloaddition of a naphthoic acid-derived cinnamic acid [45]. In a conceptually similar approach, Scheffer demonstrated that diamines can form double salts with a variety of trans-cinnamic acid derivatives. The locking in place of the double bonds steers the sohd-state [2+2] photodimerization [46]. 

Since most anilines are derived from nitro intermediates the reduction of the aromatic nitro group followed by cyclization of the aniline in situ has offered a direct approach to the synthesis of quinolines. The ort/io-nitro cinnamic acid derivatives 28 undergo cyclization, where R corresponds to R , respectively, when treated with zinc in near-critical water at 250 °C... 

Figure 6.5 shows the structures of tra 5-cinnamic acid and four cinnamic acid derivatives (phenolic compounds) reported to be present in potatoes. Because potatoes are one of our major food plants, we validated with the aid of HPLC and LC/MS the content and distribution of antioxidative phenolic compounds in parts of the potato plant, in potato tubers, in the peel and flesh of tubers, in potatoes sold commercially in Korea and the United States, and in home-processed potatoes. The following discussion, based on our own studies, is followed by a brief overview of analytical methods for potato phenolic compounds by other investigators. 

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