Ciliary beat frequence

Luk, C. K., and Dulfano, M. J. (1983). Effect of pH, viscosity and ionic-.srrengtb changes on ciliary beating frequency of human bronchial explants. Clin. Sc. 64, 449-451. 

Ciliary beat frequency Rate at which cilia travel through both the power... 

Ugwoke MI, Agu RU, Jorissen M, Augustijns P, Sciot R, Verbeke N, Kinget R 2000 Toxicological investigations of the effects carboxymethylcellulose on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal epithelial cells in primary suspension culture and in vivo on rabbit nasal mucosa. Int J Pharm 205 43-51. 

Mucociliary Clearance Mucociliary clearance operates by the coordinated movements of cilia, which sweep mucus out of the lungs towards the pharynx where it is swallowed. There is an inverse relationship between mucus velocity and airway generation, which relates to the lower percentage of ciliated cells, shorter cilia, lower ciliary beat frequency and lower number of secretory cells in the peripheral airways [121]. The reported tracheal mucociliary clearance... 

Delmotte P, Sanderson MJ (2006) Ciliary beat frequency is maintained at a maximal rate in the small airways of mouse lung slices. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 35 110-117. 

M. Jorissen and A. Bessems. Influence of culture duration and ciliogenesis on the relationship between ciliary beat frequency and temperature in nasal epithelial cells. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 252 451-454 (1995). 

Sanderson MJ, Dirksen ER (1989) Mechanosensitive and beta-adrenergic control of the ciliary beat frequency of mammalian respiratory tract cells in culture. Am Rev Respir Dis 139(2) 432 140. 

Khan AR, Bengtsson B, Lindberg S (1986) Influence of substance P on ciliary beat frequency in airway isolated preparations. Eur J Pharmacol 130(1-2) 91-96. 

Thanou, M.M., Verhoef, J.C., Romeijn, S.G., Merkus, F.W.H.M., Nagelkerke, J.F., and Junginger, H.E., Effects of N-trimethylchitosan chloride, a novel absorption enhancer, on Caco-2 intestinal epithelia and the ciliary beat frequency of chicken embryo trachea, Int. J. Pharm., 185 73-82 (1999). 

Upon occupation of biotin receptors, the cell membrane becomes hyperpolarized. This hyperpolarization causes an increase in the posteriorly directed beating of the cell s propulsive cilia, and the cells move smoothly up the concentration gradient. Importantly, the hyperpolarization also decreases the likelihood of membrane depolarization, and if mild, slows the ciliary beat frequency and slows the cells, while if large, brings about a calcium action potential that reverses the ciliary... 

Methods to determine ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary transport in vitro and in vivo have been extensively reviewed elsewhere [84,121], In general, in vivo methods are more reliable for ciliotoxicity studies than in vitro methods and are essential to confirm the safety of nasal drug formulations. However, in vitro methods are more suitable for the large number of screening studies required during formulation development [122],... 

In vitro methods to measure ciliary beat frequency can be performed on explants of ciliated mucosa [64] or on different types of ciliated cells, such as ciliated chicken embryo trachea cells [123], nasal cell lines derived from carcinomas of epithelial origin (RPMI2650, BT, NAS 2BL), or human lung adenocarcinoma cell line Calu-3... 

A number of ciliotoxicity studies have pointed out a low correlation between the results obtained using different in vitro and in vivo methods [121], The effects of nasal formulations on the ciliary beat frequency in vitro are usually more expressed than in vivo, since in vivo, cilia are partially protected by the mucous layer and investigated formulation is eventually cleared from the nasal cavity due to the mucociliary clearance mechanism. Also, toxic effects of the formulations on the cilia in vivo may be reversible due to the constant nasal mucosal cell turnover [121]. 

Ugwoke, M. I., Agu, R. U., Jorissen, M., Augustijns, P., Sciot, R., Verbeke, N., and Kinget, R. (2000), Nasal toxicological investigations of Carbopol 971P formulation of apomor-phine Effects on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal primary cell culture and in vivo on rabbit nasal mucosa, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 9, 387-396. 

HLE demonstrates a vast array of biologic activities besides the degradation of elastin. A partial, and by no means inclusive, list of some of these activities includes degradation of fibronectin [11], laminin [12], collagen and proteoglycans [13], and immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA and secretory IgA) [14] the activation and hydrolysis of complement components and neutrophil complement receptors [15] stimulation of mucus secretion and induction of mucous gland hypertrophy [16] and decreases in ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary clearance [17]. 

Remigius, U.A. Jorissen, M. Willems, T. Kinget, R. Verbeke, N. Mechanistic appraisal of the effects of some protease inhibitors on ciliary beat frequency in a sequential cell culture system of human nasal epithehum. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2003, 55 (3), 283-289. 

Tachykinins transduce multiple effects in the airways, including bronchoconstriction, increased ion and water flux across the epithelium, cough, mucous secretion, increased ciliary beat frequency, increased airway blood flow and increased airway vascular permeability (Gashi et /., 1986 Borson et al., 1987, 1989 Kohrogi et /.,... 

Wong, L.B., Miller, l.F. and Yeates, D.B. (1991). Pathways of substance P stimulation of canine tracheal ciliary beat frequency. J. Appl. Physiol. 70, 267-273. 

Melville, G.N. and Iravani, J. (1975). Faaors affecting ciliary beat frequency in the intrapulmonary airways of rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53, 1122-1128. 

Smallman, L.A., Hill, S.L. and Stockley, RA. (1984). Reduction of ciliary beat frequency in vitro by sputum from patients with bronchiectasis a serine proteinase effect. Thorax 39, 663-667. 

Boek WM, Graamans K, Natzijl H, van Rijk PP, Huizing EH. Nasal mucociliary transport new evidence for a key role of ciliary beat frequency. Laryngoscope 2002 112(3)570-573. 

Sisson JH, Yonkers AJ, Waldman RH. Effects of guaifenesin on nasal mucociliary clearance and ciliary beat frequency in healthy volunteers. Chest 1995, 107, 747-751. 

EPs 7630 significantly increased ciliary beat frequency in a dose-dependent manner 136,137). 

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