Chronology, discussions

Lerman, J. C., Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, Discussion of causes of secular variations, Proc. XII Nobel Symp., New York, p. 609-610, 1970. 

Because of its chronological presentation, you will probably find it most productive to read this book in chapter order. As you undertake the process it describes, you may find that some sections are particulariy relevant to your company, and elect to share them with teammates or other colleagues. Similarly, you may find it useful to consolidate hints for discussion inside your comp2my. 

The most logical starting point is a discussion of the structure of the zinc carb-enoid, followed by a somewhat chronological presentation of major advances in the use of zinc carbenoids in cyclopropanation. After a brief historical recounting of Simmons and Smith s original studies, the crucial implications of diastereose-... 

All these techniques have provided a unanimous answer to the above questions. A combination of the results of any two or three of them would have sufficed to put together the puzzle. But each one of them has something new to offer, some new facet of the surface chemistry to reveal. So each of them will be discussed in this chapter in a sequence which in many cases coincides with the chronological order in which they were employed in order to solve the puzzle and understand the origin of electrochemical promotion. 

Data gathered in the lessons were used to produce case studies for each of the groups of students because such case studies yield rich descriptions of events that are presented in a chronological narrative that incorporates the researcher s observations. Due to the possible inclusion of such an interpretation of the data, case studies go beyond simple descriptions of the situation and support the analysis of the phenomenon being studied (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2000). In order to discuss the research questions, we browsed the original case studies to identify evidence of how the students dealt with the levels of representation. Whenever it is appropriate, such evidence is included in the later sections of this chapter. 

Let II II denote the Euclidean norm and define = gk+i gk- Table I provides a chronological list of some choices for the CG update parameter. If the objective function is a strongly convex quadratic, then in theory, with an exact line search, all seven choices for the update parameter in Table I are equivalent. For a nonquadratic objective functional J (the ordinary situation in optimal control calculations), each choice for the update parameter leads to a different performance. A detailed discussion of the various CG methods is beyond the scope of this chapter. The reader is referred to Ref. [194] for a survey of CG methods. Here we only mention briefly that despite the strong convergence theory that has been developed for the Fletcher-Reeves, [195],... 

Prior to our work in this area, three groups reported syntheses of various kinamycins. These are presented in chronological order below. A large number of synthetic studies toward the lomaiviticins have been reported, although these are not discussed here [23]. 

So far, the only approximation in our description of the FMS method has been the use of a finite basis set. When we test for numerical convergence (small model systems and empirical PESs), we often do not make any other approximations but for large systems and/or ab //i/Y/o-determined PESs (AIMS), additional approximations have to be made. These approximations are discussed in this subsection in chronological order (i.e., we begin with the initial basis set and proceed with propagation and analysis of the results). 

K with 40Ca. Some implications of long- and short-lived radioactivities for the chronology of the Solar System will be discussed in Chapter 10. 

Interpretations of Butcher s Th-Nd chronology have been discussed by Clayton (1988), Mathews and Schramm (1988) and Malaney and Fowler (1989b) these are outdated by the more recent use of Th/Eu ratios, and the treatment in this chapter is based on papers by Pagel (1989b, 1993, 2001). 

All the different AIM methods that will be discussed below basically use this same approach but quite different in the nature of n (. Chronologically, we will discuss the Mulliken AIM, the Hirshfeld AIM, and the Bader AIM. This last approach will henceforth be called quantum chemical topology (QCT). There are more AIM methods, but most of them can be easily understood by the three selected emblematic approaches. 

In order to study the variation of the concentration of ions during and after polymerisation, we scanned the solutions at 424 mp. against time. We found that, in addition to the SD ions, several other species giving peaks in the visible were formed at the end of the polymerisation. Therefore the kinetic study on the formation of the SD ions had to be supplemented by repeated scannings of the full visible and UV spectra. Some of the experiments carried out in the spectroscopic device were repeated in the conductivity cell. In view of the rather complicated behaviour of the system after the end of the polymerisation, we shall first give a chronological account of the phenomena, and then discuss their quantitative aspects. Figure 1 illustrates the different phases of the reaction from a spectroscopic point of view. 

Those federal regulations of interest and importance for addressing subsurface environmental issues in chronological order of establishment include the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure (SPCC), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FTFRA), and the Petroleum Safety Act (PSA). These regulations are discussed below. 

Table 2 contains, in reverse chronological order, detailed information about the results of 15 experimental studies of tunneling in enzymic reactions, conducted in the last hve years. These examples will be used to explore the range of evidence, reaction types, enzymes, and concepts currently under study. Other progress made during the preceding decade will be referred to in the discussion of these examples and has been treated in a number of reviews. °... 

After 1969, the Prigoginian statistical mechanics started to change its aspect. I shall try to outline here the chronology and the significance of these changes. The more technical aspects will be discussed in the Appendix. 

The past nearly six decades have seen a chronological progression in molecular sieve materials from the aluminosilicate zeolites to microporous silica polymorphs, microporous aluminophosphate-based polymorphs, metallosilicate and metaHo-phosphate compositions, octahedral-tetrahedral frameworks, mesoporous molecular sieves and most recently hybrid metal organic frameworks (MOFs). A brief discussion of the historical progression is reviewed here. For a more detailed description prior to 2001 the reader is referred to [1]. The robustness of the field is evident from the fact that publications and patents are steadily increasing each year. 

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