Absolute chronology

Hendy CH (1970) The use of " C in the study of cave processes. In Twelfth Nobel Sympositrm, Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology. Olsson lU (ed) Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, and Wiley and Sons, New York, p 419-443... 

Chronology may be expressed in two forms absolute and relative chronology. Absolute chronology depends on knowing the precise date of events or age of materials or objects. To sequence events or objects in absolute chronology implies organizing them in a certain order, for example, from oldest to most recent. Relative chronology is not expressed in specific dates but rather in a sequential relationship of events. Relative dates are therefore expressed in relation to those of other objects or events they do not specify the precise age of objects or the time of occurrence of events. Absolute dates provide the precise age of objects and the time of occurrence of events, and are derived independently of those of other objects or events. 

Suess, H. E., Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, 12th Nobel Symposium, Uppsala, 1971, Proc Stockholm, Almquist and Wiksell-Gebers Forlag AB, 1969, 303. 

Oeschger, H., Houtermans, J., Loosli, H., and Wahlen, M., Proc. of the 12th Nobel Symposium on Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, ed. I. U. Olsen, Uppsala, 1970, p. 487. 

Neustupny, E., The Accuracy of Radiocarbon Dating, p. 23, in Olsson, I. U., ed., Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, Proceedings of the 12th Nobel Symposium held at the Institute of Physics at Uppsala University, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970. 

Lingenfelter, R. E., Ramaty, R., Astrophysical and geophysical variations in C14 production, In Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, Proc. XII Nobel Symp., New York,... 

Both absolute chronological and evolutionary evidence indicated that the Middle Pleistocene represents a time period disproportionately shorter than that of the lower Pleistocene, and, as we shall see, fewer faunas are known from the Middle Pleistocene, throughout Europe as well as in Hungary. 

The problems are enhanced by the lack of any means of determining the absolute chronology of this phase of the Pleistocene. 

Absolute chronological data show that the Lower Pleistocene is disproportionately long and that the Middle Pleistocene comprises a much greater time interval than the Upper Pleistocene. The equally scaled intervals in the figures are meant only to facilitate presentation. 

Finally, I list the absolute chronological system of palaeomagnetism, which is just as irreconcilable with the faunas as the other schemes listed above. The problems of C studies, U-Tho and K-Ar dating have been discussed in the text. 

Variations and Absolute Chronology, pp. 630- 40, Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 1970. 

Establishment of a 7384-year Chronology in the White Mountains of Eastern-central California, U.S.A., in Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology, pp. 237-259, Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 1970. 

Becker B. and Kromer B. (1993) The continental tree-ring record—absolute chronology, cahbration, and climatic... 

The more recent work with °Th and Pa has been concerned less with their use to establish absolute chronology and more with the interpretation of their profiles in sediment cores to determine shorter-term variability in particle flux. Particle-flux measurements with sediment traps and other studies of the behavior of °Th and Pa in the oceanic water column have resulted in a better understanding of the extent to which they can be laterally redistributed following their production. It has been shown that, over much of the ocean, the redistribution of °Th is minimal, so... 

Suess H. E. (1956) Absolute chronology of the last glaciation. Science 123, 355—357. 

Olsson I.U., Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel Symposium 12th Proc., Wiley Ed., New York, 1970. 

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