Poisoning chromium

Gilani, S.H. and M. Marano. 1979. Chromium poisoning and chick embryogenesis. Environ. Res. 19 427-431. 

Newly developed alloys have improved properties in many aspects over traditional compositions for interconnect applications. The remaining issues that were discussed in the previous sections, however, require further materials modification and optimization for satisfactory durability and lifetime performance. One approach that has proven to be effective is surface modification of metallic interconnects by application of a protection layer to improve surface and electrical stability, to modify compatibility with adjacent components, and also to mitigate or prevent Cr volatility. It is particularly important on the cathode side due to the oxidizing environment and the susceptibility of SOFC cathodes to chromium poisoning. 

Fergus (2007), Effect of Cathode and Electrolyte Transport Properties on Chromium Poisoning in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells , Int.J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3664-3671. 

Bradberry SM, Vale JA. 1999. Therapeutic review Is ascorbic acid of value in chromium poisoning and chromium dermititis Clin Toxicol 37(2) 195-200. 

Carter WW. 1929. The effect of chromium poisoning on the nose and throat The report of a case. Med JRec 130 125-127. 

Kumar A, Rana SVS. 1982. Lipid accumulation in chromium-poisoned rats. Int J Tissue React 4(4) 291-295. 

Wang XW, Davies JWL, Sirvent RLZ, et al. 1985. Chromic acid burns and acute chromium poisoning. Burns 11 181-184. 

There are no specific antidotes for chromium poisoning. Since most human overexposure is by ingestion, gastric lavage is appropriate in some cases. However, emesis should not be induced. Maintaining the proper fluid balance is critical due to impact on the kidney s ability to reabsorb fluid. It is necessary to establish that there is no impairment with breathing due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. Another important step is to decrease the intake of dietary supplements that contain chromium. 

In acute chromium-poisoning, emetics, and subsequently magnesium carbonate in milk, are to be given. 

Das M, Misra MP, Kumar A, Kumar P, Ahmed S, Chandra SV (1989) Chronic chromium poisoning with dermatitis in the leather industry. Contact Dermatitis 20 221-222 Dyro FM (1978) Methyl ethyl ketone polyneuropathy in shoe factory workers. Clin Toxicol 13 371-376 Estlander T, Kanerva L, Jolanki R (1990) Occupational allergic dermatoses from textile, leather, and fur dyes. Am J Contact Dermat 1 13-20... 

Vinke, L, and Lippert, H. (2009) Systematic study of chromium poisoning of LSM cathodes - single cell test. ECS Trans., 25 (2), 2889-2898. 

Chromium poisoning of the porous composite cathode. Effect of cathode thickness and current density. 

Lin C-C, Wu ML, Yang C-C, Ger J, Tsai W-J, Deng JF. Acute severe chromium poisoning after dermal... 

Section Durability/ReliabUity of SOFC Systems describes durability/reliability of SOFC systems. Failures of system operation are first described. Then, failures of stacks and degradation of cell performances are described in detail with focuses on chromium poisoning, nickel sintering, carbon deposition, sulfur poisoning, etc. Results of field tests are also described in relation to reliability. Section Cost Issues describes the cost issue and Future Directions of SOFC development are given finally in section Future Directions. ... 

Another interesting finding is obtained by Matsuzaki and Yasuda [69] - they found that the chromium poisoning depends not only on cathode materials but also on electrolyte to be used with cathodes. From four possible combinations made with LSM and LSCF as cathode and YSZ and SDC as electrolyte, they found that the LSCP/SDC combination does not show any degradation imder the same... 

Lanthanum nickel-iron oxide cathodes, La(Ni,Fe)03, have attracted much attention because they show essentially no effects of chromium poisoning [59]. This is mainly because there is no chance of SrCr04 formation. From the thermodynamic point of view, there is a possibility that the La(Ni,Fe)03 perovskites react with chromium-containing vapors to form the La(Ni,Fe,Cr)03 solid solution [42]. Even so, such perovskites must still be electro-conductive, although some surface kinetic activity will be lowered due to the fact that lanthanum chromite has lower catalytic activity among the transition metal perovskite oxides. 

In recent years, an interesting but troublesome fact has been revealed, that is, Pt wire reacts with oxygen in air to form Pt02(g) and will be deposited on the three phase boundaries of LSM cathodes [80]. Usually, Pt cathodes are not better than perovskite cathodes so that the electrode activity may be lowered when such Pt will be deposited on cathodes. However, the situation for the chromium poisoning for the LSM cathode is quite different. When Pt is deposited on TPB of LSM cathodes, the cathode performance can be improved or lowered depending on the state of deposited Pt. This disturbs the effects of chromium on the LSM cathodes. This makes it difficult to examine the chromium poisoning in a laboratory scale. 

Paulson SC, Birss VI (2004) Chromium poisoning of LSM-YSZ SOFC cathodes I. Detailed study of the distribution of chromium species at a porous. Single-phase cathode. J Electrochem Soc 151(1) A1961-A1968... 

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