Chromium mutagenic effects

The combination of chromium trioxide and RF radiation has synergistic mutagenic effects upon Vicia faba root tip cells upon exposure. Mutagenesis is sharply elevated relative to treatment with chromium trioxide alone/35 ... 

Genotoxic and mutagenic effects DNA damage in vitro, DNA oxidative damage from the urinary samples of the patient who ingested 2-3 g of potassium dichromate in a suicide attempt, the oxidative damage pathway in the mechanism of toxicity of chromium in occupationally exposed individuals... 

Nieboer, E. and S.L. Shaw. 1988. Mutagenic and other genotoxic effects of chromium compounds. Pages 399 441 in J.O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer (eds.). Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments. John Wiley, NY. 

Beyersmann D, Koster A, Buttner B. 1985. Model reactions of chromium compounds with mammalian and bacterial cells. In MerianE, Fre RW, Hardi W, et al., eds. Carcinogenic and mutagenic metal compounds Environmental and analytical chemistry and biological effects. London, UK Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 303-310. 

Levis AG, Bianchi V. 1982. Mutagenic and cytogenetic effects of chromium compounds. In Langard S, ed. Biological and environmental aspects of chromium. Amsterdam Elsevier Biomedical Press, 171-208. 

Newbold RF, Amos J, Connell JR. 1979. The cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of chromium-containing compounds on mammalian cells in culture. Mutat Res 67 55-63. 

Venier P, Montaldi A, Majone F, et al. 1982. Cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of industrial chromium compounds. Carcinogenesis 3(11) 1331-1338. 

The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium(VI) are well established.The toxicity is usually considered in terms of the uptake/reduction modeP since chromium(VI) readily passes into the cell, via anion channels, and once within the cell it is eventually reduced by cellular components to chromium(III) species. Figure 6 illustrates the likely fate of chromate within a mammalian cell. As can be appreciated from Figure 6 it is complexes trapped within the cell that are the agents responsible for the toxic effects of chromate. The systems which reduce the chromiumfvi) are as yet unknown, as are the final products of the reaction. However, microsomes are capable of reducing chromium(VI) as are various nucleotides and even fulvic acids.In these cases chromium(V) species of considerable stability have been observed using EPR spectroscopy. Within the cell reduction by a sulfide is the most probable reaction. 

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