Chromium geochemistry

Mayer, L.M. 1988. Geochemistry of chromium in the oceans. Pages 173-187 in J.O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer (eds.). Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments. John Wiley, NY. 

KEYWORDS Geochemical landscapes, chromium, California, soil geochemistry... 

Davis A, Olsen RL (1995) The geochemistry of chromium migration and remediation in the subsurface. Ground Water 33 759-768... 

Mayer LM (1988) Geochemistry of chromium in the oceans. In Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments. Nriagu JO, Nieboer E (eds), Wiley Sons, New York, p 173-187 McNeal JM, Balishieri LS (1989) Geochemishy and occurrence of seleniimi an overview. In Seleniimi in Agriculture and the Environment. SSSA Special Publication. Jacobs LW (ed). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, p 1-13... 

Izbicki JA, BaU JW, Bullen TD, Sutley S J (2008) Chromium, chromium isotopes and selected trace elements. Western Mojave Desert, USA, Appl Geochemistry 23 1325-1352 Jaffres JB, Shields GA, Wallmann K (2007) The oxygen isotope evolution of seawater a critical review of a long-standing controversy and an improved geological water cycle model for the past 3,4 billion years. Earth Sci Rev 83 83-122... 

Peterson, M.L. Brown Jr., G.E. Parks, G.A. (1997) Quantitative determination of chromium valence in environmental samples using XAFS spectroscopy. In Voigt, J.A. Bunker, B.C. Casey,W.H. Wood,T.E. Crossey, L.J. (eds.) Aqueous chemistry and geochemistry of oxides, oxyhydroxides, and related materials. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh... 

Davis, A., Kempton, J.H., Nicholson, A. and Yare, B. (1994) Groundwater transport of arsenic and chromium at a historical tannery, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 9(5), 569-82. 

Murray, J.W, Spell, B. and Paul, B. (1983) The contrasting geochemistry of manganese and chromium in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. In Trace Metals in Seawater (eds Wong, C.S., Boyle, E., Bruland, K.W., Burton, J.D. and Goldberg, E.D.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 643-669. 

Crystal field theory is one of several chemical bonding models and one that is applicable solely to the transition metal and lanthanide elements. The theory, which utilizes thermodynamic data obtained from absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, has met with widespread applications and successful interpretations of diverse physical and chemical properties of elements of the first transition series. These elements comprise scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. The position of the first transition series in the periodic table is shown in fig. 1.1. Transition elements constitute almost forty weight per cent, or eighteen atom per cent, of the Earth (Appendix 1) and occur in most minerals in the Crust, Mantle and Core. As a result, there are many aspects of transition metal geochemistry that are amenable to interpretation by crystal field theory. 

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1999b) Understanding variation in partition coefficient, Kd, values Volume II. Review of geochemistry and available Kd values for cadmium, cesium, chromium, lead, plutonium, radon, strontium, thorium, tritium (3H) and uranium. Prepared for the EPA by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 

Fig. 8.15 Sulfur geochemistry of a 4-m deep sediment core from the upper slope of the western Black Sea. Left frame SO , H S, CH and Fe + (notice scales) in the pore water. The smooth curves are model fits to the data based on the PROFILE model (Berg et al. 1998). Right frame Chromium reducible sulfur (CRS) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS), the latter showing the black band of iron sulfide at 250-300 cm depth due to the downward progressing sulfidization front. From Jorgensen et al. (2004).

Figure 2 Dissolved Cr(VI) (A) and Cr(lll) (B) in the eastern North Pacific Ocean, 23°N, 115°W. (Data from Murray JW, Spell B and Paul B (1983) The contrasting geochemistry of manganese and chromium in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. In Wong CS et al. (eds) Trace Metals in Seawater, NATO Conference Services 4 Marine Science vol. 9, pp. 643-668. New York Plenium Press.) (C) Dissolved rhenium in the eastern North Pacific Ocean, 9°46 N, 104°1TW. (Data from Woodhouse OB, Ravizza G, Falkner KK, Statham PJ and Peucker-Ehrenbrink B (1999) Osmium in seawater vertical profiles of concentration and isotopic composition in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Earth and Pianetary Science Letters 173 223-233.)...

In an effort to increase the reactivity of Fe° towards chromium removal, acid washed zero-valent iron [AW-Fe(O)] was evaluated under groundwater geochemistry conditions. It was found that AW-Fe(O) could remove Cr(VI) from synthetic ground-water in the absence of bicarbonate, magnesium, and/or calcium ions. The presence of bicarbonate alone had the mildest impact on adsorption while co-presence with calcium had a pronounced negative impact. In comparison with unwashed Fe(0), the AW-Fe(O) displayed a poorer Cr(VI) removal capability [ 57% to 77% drop in capacity (53)]. 

Inorganic pollutants include (a) cationic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and nickel, (b) anionic metals and inorganics such as arsenic, chromium, selenium, nitrate and fluoride, and (c) radionuclides such as strontium and uranium. The geochemistry of these pollutants can widely vary and it depends on the specific pollutant type and soil/sediment properties. The speciation and transport of these pollutants also depend on the dynamic changes in the pH and redox potential of the soil that occurs under applied electric potential. The dominant transport process... 

Castillo AMN, Soriano JJ, Delgado RAG. (2008). Changes in chromium distribution during the electrodialytic remediation of a Cr (VI)-contaminated soil. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 30(2) 153-157. 

Lai KCK, Lo IC. (2008). Removal of chromium (VI) by acid-washed zero-valent iron under various groundwater geochemistry conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 42 1238-1244. 

Smith WL. (2001). Hexavalent chromium reduction and precipitation by sulphate-redncing bacterial biofilms. Environmental Geochemistry Health 23(3) 297-300. 

Richard EC and Bourg ACM (1991) Aqueous geochemistry of chromium A review. Water Research 25 807-816. 

Robertson, F.N. (1984) Solubility controls of fluorine, barium and chromium in ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona. Geological Survey Tucson, Water Resources Division. In First Canadian/American Conference on Hydrogeology Practical Applications of ground water geochemistry, 22-26 June 1984, Banff, Alberta, Canada, pp. 96-102. 

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