Chromatograms of hydrolysates

Figure 2. Chromatograms of hydrolysates of wheaten bran, draff, and...

Figure 10. Liquid chromatogram of hydrolysate from action of cellobiohydrolase on Avicel...

Figure 3.12 Gas chromatograms of hydrolysates of (a) silyl derivative of polyethylene terephthalate, (b) silyl derivative of ethylene glycol 1,4 butane diol and trans isomers of 1,4 cyclohexane diol dimethanol and (c) silyl derivative of iso- phthalic and terephthalic acids derived from a polyester. Reproduced with permission from B.J. Allen, G.M. Elser, K.P. Keller and H.D. Kinder, Analytical Chemistry, 1977, 49, 741. 1977, ACS...

Fig. 2.71. HPLC chromatogram of the neutral (a) and acidic fractions (b) and the acid-catalysed hydrolysed product of freshly squeezed cranberry juice (c) at 280 nnm. Peaks in a 1 = ( + )-cate-chin 2 = myicetin 3 = quercetin (added as internal standard). Peaks in b 1 = anthocyanin derivative I 2 = benzoic acid 3 = p-anisic acid 4 = quercetin (added as internal standard). Peaks in c 1 = ( + )-catechin 2 = anthocyanin derivative I 3 = anthocyanin derivative II 4 = benzoic acid 5 = anthocyanin derivative III 6 = p-anisic acid 7 = myricetin 8 = quercetin. Reprinted with permission from H. Chen et al. [188].

Fig. 3.124. Chromatograms of a 1 1 dye mixture (a) 40 min before addition of Na2C03, (b) 10 min after addition of Na2C03, and (c) 60 min after addition of Na2C03 flow rate = 0.6 ml/min, other conditions are described in the text. The peak at 4.57 min in (a) and the same peak (smaller in size) at 4.54 min in (b) are both attributed to the functional group of cibacron yellow ( — F) the peak at 7.54 min in (a) and the same peak (smaller in size) at 7.40 min in (b) are both attributed to the hydrolysed part of the functional group of cibacron yellow the peaks at 5.07 min in (b) and 5.22 min in (c) are attributed to the hydrolysed part of the functional group of cibacron blue. Reprinted with permission from A. Zotou et al. [175].

Fig. 3.134. Chromatogram of the synthesized hydrolysed dye and parent dye in buffer of pH 11 recorded after various times of hydrolysis at 90°C (a) synthesized hydrolysed dye, (b) 0 min, (c) 10 min, (d) 20 min, (e) 30 min, (f) 40 min where components P and H represent parent dye and hydrolysed dye. Reprinted with permission from J. Koh et al. [180].

The chromatogram of free BA standard mixture is reported in Fig. 5.4.7. The Br-AMN degradation products are eluted at lower retention times than derivatised BA, close to the solvent front, so they do not impair BA separation. Free BA fraction also encloses taurine conjugates, previously enzymatically hydrolysed. The separation of glycine conjugated BA is illustrated in Fig. 5.4.8. In both chromatograms, the peaks of BA naphthacyl esters are fully resolved and separated from the reagent peaks. 

For the study of soluble polysaccharides, a treatment with diluted TFA is sufficient and the reaction time can be kept short (7). Soluble polysaccharides of wood are separated from holocellulose by extraction with alkali. Wise et al. (10) term the extract with 5% KOH polyoses (hemicelluloses) A. Polyoses A can be hydrolyzed completely with 2N TFA within 1 hr. The chromatograms of the hydrolysates of polyoses A from spruce and beech holocelluloses recorded with a sugar analyzer (Biotronik ZA 5100) are shown in Figure 1. 

Figure I. Chromatograms of the hydrolysates of polyoses A from spruce-wood and beechwooa. Rha = rhamnose, Man = mannose, Ara = arahi-nose, Gal = galactose, Xyl = xylose, M-GluU = 4-O-methylglucuronic...

In Figure 2 the chromatograms of the hydrolysates of wheaten bran, draff, and pease-meal are presented these substances can be hydrolyzed easily with 2N TFA in 1 hr. 

The whole procedure normally takes about 1 hr. The acid is then evaporated, and the dry matter can be analyzed. This method can be applied to cellulose from wood, as a-cellulose or pulp, or to other celluloses (e.g., cotton) as well as to cellulosic materials with higher amounts of other polysaccharides (e.g., holocellulose). The chromatograms of the hydrolysates of a-cellulose from beechwood and of holocellulose from sprucewood (Figure 6) are examples of the application of this method. Compared with sulfuric acid hydrolysis, the total sugar yield from the spruce holocellulose is higher after the hydrolysis with concentrated TFA (Table II). Regarding the individual sugars, it can be seen that the... 

Figure 6. Chromatograms of the hydrolysates of a-cellulose from beech-wood and holocellulose from sprucewood...

Comparison of the chromatograms of the hydrolysates of ashwood after the intensive and more... 

Figure 8. Chromatograms of the hydrolysates of materials with low polysaccharide content milled wood lignin (MWL) from sprucewood and a 180-million-year-old protopinacea...

Figure 6.15 presents the LC-UV chromatogram of the hydrolysis products from the first step of simulated waste water treatment of Remazol Black 5 (RB5), a commercially important textile dye, while Figure 6.16 shows a series of stop-flow LC-NMR spectra acquired in an LC-NMR-MS run. The NMR and MS data of the tentatively identified compounds are shown in Tables 6.6 and 6.7, respectively. These are only by- or degradation products which elute earlier than the hydrolysed Remazol Black. Peaks which elute later consist of coeluting dye components which have not yet been identified. 

Fig. 5.2. HPLC chromatograms of diene conjugated and related fatty acids. (A) UV-irradiated linoleic acid with albumin (B) the synthetic isomer of 18 2(9,1 ljdiene (C) and (D) hydrolysed serum at 234 and 210 nm Peak 1 arachidonic acid Peak 2 lino-lenic acid Peak 3 linoleic add Peak 4 biological isomer of 18 2(9,1 ljdiene Peak 5 synthetic isomer of 18 2(9,1 ljdiene. (Iversen et al 1984.)...

Fig. 8.3. An example of a gas chromatogram of the base-damage to DNA after exposure to hydroxyl radicals (generated radiolytically) - study of the trimethyl-silylated acidic hydrolysate of the modified DNA (modified from Dizdaroglu, 1988 with permission). Peaks I, phosphoric acid II, thymine III and Ilia, cytosine IV and IVa adenine V and Va guanine I uracil 2 5,6-dihydrothymine 3 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine 4 5-hydroxyuracil 5 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrouracil 6 5-hydroxycytosine 7 cis-thymine glycol 8 /ra .s-thymine glycol 9 5,6-dihydroxyuracil 10 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyr-imidine 11 8-hydroxyadenine 12 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine 13...

We evaluated peptide interference by using UV detection after PAD detection to identify interfering peptides/amino acids in the MAb hydrolysates. Results of these studies are shown in Fig. 1 and show that at the levels of hydrolysate used to give quantifiable monosaccharide responses (16.7 fig injected), there is little UV response in the region of the chromatogram where monosaccharides elute. UV detectable peptides/amino acids were found to elute near the column void and after 20 min. 

Fig. 4. Starch chromatogram of gramicidin A hydrolysate elution curve.

Figure 2. Gas chromatogram of the N-HFB Orpropyl derivatives of the hydrolysate of trypsin CVB hydrogel sulfonyl carbamate (3f). Conditions 12 ft. X 1/4 in. glass column packed with 3% OV-1 on Chromasorb-W initial temp was 100° ford min, programed to 250° at 4°/min.

Fig. 4. Chromatogram of separation on a silicone stationary phase of methyl esters of trifluoro-acetylated amino acids of hydrolysate of human fingernail. Sorbent silicone stationary phase. Temperature programme A, 100°C, isothermal B, heating from 100°C at 1.5°C/min C, heating from 116.5°C at 4°C/min D, 140°C, isothermal E, heating from 140°C at 6°C/min to 210°C. Peaks 1 = alanine 2 = valine 3 = glycine 4 = isoleucine 5 = threonine 6 = leucine 7 = norleucine 8 = internal standard 9 = proline 10 = asparagine 11 = glutamine 12 = phenylalanine 13 = tyrosine 14 = lysine. From ref. 13.

More xylose was found in the dilute acid hydrolysate than in the other two fractions. Only about 55 to 70% of the AIS extracted by the dilute alkali can be accounted for by the sum of the sugars and the uronlc acid. The recovery of the dilute acid extract as the monomers was also low, amounting to between 44 and 79%. There were some peaks on the chromatogram of this fraction, but the aggregated integrated area was only around 10% of the total. Peak with retention times close to glucose and mannose were present. 

The condensation of amino acids and chemical structure of the respective polymers, chromatograms of their hydrolysates, and morphological features of microspheres have been described.The interaction of appropriate thermal copolyamino acids with hot or cold water proved to be a necessary condition for preparation of microspheres. The proteinoid microspheres are spherical and usually uniform in diameter in the range from 0.5 to 7 pm. Factors controlling size of microspheres are type of polymer, added substances, ratio of solid to liquid component in the mixture, presence and concentration of electrolytes in solution, temperature of solution, and rate of cooling. 

Fig. 4A,B. Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy of the acid hydrolysate of the stored material. A The ion chromatogram of a 2 N HCl hydrolysate with the inset depicting the fragmentation pattern and structure of the glutamic acid derivative. B The spectrum and structure of pyroglutamic acid seen in a 0.5 N HCl hydrolysate. (From [24] with permission)...

Figure 3.269 Separation of hydrolysate amino acids and O-phosphorylated amino acids on AminoPac PA10. Eluent NaOH/NaOAc gradient graphically depicted flow rate 0.25 mU min detection see Figure 3.268 chromatogram (a) 200pmol each of arginine (1), hydroxylysine (2), lysine (3), galactosamine (4), glucosamine (5), alanine (6), threonine (7),...

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